Electrochemical magnetic beads-based immunosensing platform for the determination of α-lactalbumin in milk

Electrochemical Affinity Biosensors in Food Safety

“…They are classified according to the type of used bioreceptor. The bioreceptors most commonly used are specific antibodies [93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104], single-stranded DNA molecules [105][106][107][108], aptamers [109][110][111][112], and other affinity receptors like lectins [113] and peptides [114]. The affinity reaction between these bioreceptors, which are immobilized onto electrodes or solid supports like magnetic beads (MBs), and the target allergen has been monitored using (chrono)amperometry [68,94,97,99,[101][102][103][104]109], voltammetry [93,95,96,98,102,103,106,107,[112][113][114] and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy [105,110,111].…”

“…Regarding immunosensors, particularly useful biosensors involving the use of functionalized MBs have been described for the determination of gliadin [94], β-lactoglobulin [97], ovalbumin [98], Ara h 1 [99,103], Ara h 2 [103] and α-lactalbumin [104]. Most of the approaches employ sandwich-type configurations implemented onto carboxylic acid-modified magnetic beads (HOOC-MBs) and SPEs to perform an amperometric transduction [97][98][99]103,104].…”

“…Most of the approaches employ sandwich-type configurations implemented onto carboxylic acid-modified magnetic beads (HOOC-MBs) and SPEs to perform an amperometric transduction [97][98][99]103,104]. These approaches demonstrated very attractive performance and successful applicability to the analysis of real samples such as spiked skimmed milk and beer [94], milk [97,99], infant formulations [104] food extracts [99,103] and saliva [100]. Among them it is worth to highlight the immunosensor reported recently by Ruiz-Valdepeñas Montiel et al [103] for the rapid and simultaneous detection of Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 (the two major peanut allergenic proteins).…”

“…Worth to mention also the increasing tendency to fabricate these electrochemical biosensors onto screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) [85,[95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104]107,109,112,113] since they are suitable to be fabricated with different materials, to be drawn in diverse geometries and multiplexed formats and Recently, Sugawara et al [116] developed an electrochemical biosensor to detect ovalbumin (OVA) by adsorbing a specific peptide probe (peptide-1) conjugated with the electroactive daunomycin on a GCE. In the presence of OVA, the peptide probe was released from the electrode surface and the DPV peak current of the daunomycin moiety decreased.…”

“…Worth to mention also the increasing tendency to fabricate these electrochemical biosensors onto screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) [85,[95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104]107,109,112,113] since they are suitable to be fabricated with different materials, to be drawn in diverse geometries and multiplexed formats and characterized by the possibility for mass production and low fabrication cost. MBs-based biosensors have also been described for food allergens determination [94,97,99,103,104] making use of the advantages of these magnetic carriers in the final performance of electrochemical biosensors in terms of simplicity, sensitivity, reduced assay time and minimization of matrix effects, essential for the analysis of complex food extracts. Regarding the assay formats, competitive formats [94,102,109] have been scarcely employed and direct [93,95,96,105,106,111,112] and sandwich [97][98][99][100][101]103,104,107,108,112] configurations have been the most commonly used.…”