Electrochemical interaction between graphite and molten salts to produce nanotubes, nanoparticles, graphene and nanodiamonds

Abstract

The electrochemical interaction between graphite and molten salts to produce carbon nanostructures is reviewed. It is demonstrated that, depending on the conditions, it is possible to electrochemically convert graphite in molten salts to either carbon nanoparticles and nanotubes, metal filled carbon nanoparticles and nanotubes, graphene or nanodiamonds. The application of metal filled carbon nanotubes as anodes in lithium ion batteries is reviewed. Surprisingly, this method of preparation is relatively simple and very similar to the mass production of aluminium in molten sodium aluminium fluoride-alumina mixtures, which is performed economically on a tonnage scale, indicating that it may be possible to apply it for the production of novel carbon nanostructures.

In Situ Construction of Multibuffer Structure 3D CoSn@SnOx/CoOx@C Anode Material for Ultralong Life Lithium Storage

“…In terms of anode, alloy‐type anodes with high theoretical capacity have been considered as the most promising alternative to traditional graphite . Among them, tin has been paid considerable attention for its high gravimetric and volumetric capacities (992 mA h g −1 and ≈7300 mA h cm −3 ) and good electronic conductivity . However, the grievous volume change (≈300%) of Sn during the lithiation/delithiation process always inevitably results in structure degradation, rapid capacity decay, and electrochemical inactivation, which hampered the practical application of Sn‐based anodes.…”

A crystalline Cu–Sn–S framework for high-performance lithium storage

“…[35][36][37] Tin-based materials have been regarded as the most attractive candidates of anode materials for LIBs with a higher capacity (> 600 mA h g -1 ) compared with that of the commercial graphite electrode. 38 45 and Cu 2 SnS 3 46 have drawn much attention due to their wide applications in photocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution, photovoltaic devices and so on. Unlike those extensively studied transition metal oxides [47][48][49] or sulfides, 50-52 the investigation of ternary thiostannates as anode materials for lithium ion batteries have not been paid much attention.…”

Interfacial study of the role of SiO2 on Si anodes using electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance

“…Silicon has a very high specific capacity (gravimetric >3500 mAh/g, volumetric >8200 mAh/cm 3 ) and a low charge/discharge voltage at room temperature but its large volume expansion (>300%) during lithiation and subsequent poor capacity retention limits its commercial use [1]. Many approaches have been proposed to address the expansion issue of silicon anodes: modification of electrode surface [2], composite electrode formulation [3][4][5], new binders [6,7], new electrode designs, such as three-dimensional architectures [8][9][10].…”