Electrochemical insertion of lithium, sodium, and magnesium in molybdenum(VI) oxide

Spahr, Michael E.; Novák, Petr; Haas, O.; Nesper, Reinhard

doi:10.1016/0378-7753(94)02099-o

Cited by 177 publications

(154 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The initial discharge/charge profile ( Figure 7b) reveals that FePO 4 delivered a discharge capacity of Although the present performance is not superior to those reported to date, it is worth noting that the development of Mg-insertion cathodes and compatible electrolytes/ anodes remains a formidable challenge. 18,38 The present FePO 4 cathode was also investigated for possible Al 3+ ion insertion, which is useful in aluminum-ion batteries, a prospective energy storage system that has recently gained significant research attention. 39 The first two cyclic voltammograms of FePO 4 (Supplementary Figure S11) against a metallic aluminum anode at room temperature in an ionic liquid-based electrolyte medium (see Methods) within 2.5-0.02 V exhibit cathodic (∼1 and 0.5 V) and anodic (∼0.7 and 0.9 V) peaks, which are most likely attributed to Al insertion/de-insertion into/from FePO 4 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although apparently lower Na-ion insertion capabilities were demonstrated in layered-type compounds, the larger size of Na + (1.02 Å) relative to Li + (0.76 Å) appears to hinder its occupation of the tetrahedral sites in the spinel/olivine structures ( Figure 1). [17][18][19] This also implies that the insertion of K ions (K + -1.38 Å) into crystalline hosts may be impractical, as shown in Figure 1. However, amorphous hosts with short-range ordering may facilitate the insertion of guest ions irrespective of their sizes (Figure 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Amorphous iron phosphate: potential host for various charge carrier ions

et al. 2014

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In response to the ever-increasing global demand for viable energy-storage systems, sodium and potassium batteries appear to be promising alternatives to lithium ion batteries because of the abundance, low cost and environmental benignity of sodium/ potassium. Electrical energy storage via ion-intercalation reactions in crystalline electrodes is critically dependent on the sizes of the guest ions. Herein, we report on the use of a porous amorphous iron phosphate synthesized using ambient temperature strategies as a potential host that stores electrical energy through the feasible insertion of mono-/di-/tri-valent ions. A combination of ex situ studies reveals the existence of a reversible amorphous-to-crystalline transition in this versatile electrode during electrochemical reactions with monovalent sodium, potassium and lithium. This reconstitutive reaction contributes to realizing specific capacities of 179 and 156 mAhg − 1 versus sodium and potassium at current densities of 10 and 5 mAg − 1 , respectively. This finding facilitates the feasible development of several amorphous electrodes with similar phase behavior for energy-storage applications. NPG Asia Materials (2014) 6, e138; doi:10.1038/am.2014.98; published online 17 October 2014 INTRODUCTIONSince 1990, the global demand for electricity has increased twice as much as the demand for energy overall, and the demand for electricity is expected to further increase by more than two-thirds over the next 20 years. Energy storage/conversion technologies have therefore become a crucial research topic as we seek to make society sustainable. In particular, electrical energy storage is critical not only for supporting electronic, vehicular and load-leveling applications but also for efficiently commercializing renewable solar and wind power. Rechargeable Li-ion batteries with an output energy exceeding 90% have emerged as one of the most effective electrochemical energystorage technologies, and these batteries power most modern-day electronic devices. 1 Despite substantial research to enhance Li-ion batteries for high-power applications, aspects such as their availability, cost and safety still remain to be fully addressed. 2 The controversies surrounding the accessible global lithium reserves and the anticipated energy demand may greatly impact the cost of Li-ion batteries in the long term. 3 Although advancing Li-ion battery technologies for electric vehicle applications is attractive, the quest for alternative energy sources for smart grid-scale storage applications has recently gained significant momentum. Rechargeable sodium and potassium batteries offer tremendous potential because they utilize inexpensive, abundant and environmentally benign sodium/potassium elements. [4][5][6][7][8][9] However,

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amorphous iron phosphate: potential host for various charge carrier ions

et al. 2014

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“…A magnesium-ion rechargeable battery might be very attractive, too. For instance, some authors reported that vanadium bronzes [5,6], graphite fluorides [7] and transition metals oxides [6,8,9] may intercalate magnesium, and thus they may be considered as electrode materials for secondary Mg--ion batteries. However, on the present level of knowledge, such a type of battery suffers of two unresolved problems, the first one being the passivation of metallic magnesium if used as anode in commonly used organic electrolytes, and the second one being low capacity utilization during the Mg-intercalation process [10,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Behaviour of V₂O₅Xerogel and V₂O₅Xerogel/C Composite in an Aqueous LiNO₃and Mg(NO₃)₂Solutions

et al. 2010

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We synthesized both the V 2 O 5 xerogel and the composite V 2 O 5 xerogel/C starting from the solution of V 2 O 5 in hydrogen peroxide. After the characterization by XRD, thermal (TGA-DTA), SEM methods and by particle size analysis, the investigation of Li + and Mg 2+ intercalation/deintercalation reactions in an aqueous solutions of LiNO 3 and Mg(NO 3 ) 2 were performed by cyclic voltammetry. The composite material V 2 O 5 xerogel/C displayed relatively high intercalation capacity, amounting to 123 mA h g −1 and 107 mA h g −1 , in lithium and magnesium salt solutions, respectively.

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“…Initial tests with MoO 3 showed an V oc of 2.28 V and a capacity of 143 mA h g −1 for Mg 0.5 MoO 3 [97]. Spahr et al [236] followed this up by reversibly cycling MoO 3 in an ionic liquid electrolyte and Mg(ClO 4 ) 2 /AN with 3 mol% water added. As with vanadium oxides [116], the presence of water was crucial to the cyclability, as the 'dry' aprotic electrolyte could not support Mg electrochemistry.…”

Section: Science China Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond Li-ion: electrode materials for sodium- and magnesium-ion batteries

2015

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to develop and install renewable energy harvesting technologies [3]. However, their successful implementation will be dependent on reliable and robust storage devices since harvesting solar and wind energy is inherently intermittent and the majority of consumption targets cannot be readily tethered to the grid.As energy storage devices, batteries possess high portability, high energy density, high Coulombic efficiency, and long cycle life. They are ideal power sources for portable devices, automobiles, and backup power supplies; accordingly, batteries power nearly all of our mobile electronics and are used to improve the efficiency of hybrid electric vehicles [4,5]. Unfortunately, considerable improvements in performance are still required in order to meet the demands of advanced portable devices and achieve energy sustainability (e.g., through smart grid and electric vehicle technologies) [6]. These enduring needs have driven intensive research investments. While efforts have been successful, there is still significant room for improvement regarding the development and understanding of electrode materials [7]. The overall capacity and potential cycling window of many electrode materials are limited to prevent degradation over long term cycling. In addition to exploring new electrode materials, there have been strong efforts to improve those that are already utilized. Expense reduction is a priority as approximately 23% and 8% of the overall battery pack costs stem from the respective cathode and anode active materials alone [8].An alkali-ion battery consists of several electrochemical cells connected in parallel and/or in series to provide a designated current or voltage. Each electrochemical cell has two electrodes separated by an electrolyte that is electrically insulating but ionically conductive. During discharge, when the alkali-ion battery operates as a galvanic cell, alkali ions exit the negative electrode (typically carbon) and insert themselves into the positive electrode while electronsThe need for economical and sustainable energy storage drives battery research today. While Li-ion batteries are the most mature technology, scalable electrochemical energy storage applications benefit from reductions in cost and improved safety. Sodium-and magnesium-ion batteries are two technologies that may prove to be viable alternatives. Both metals are cheaper and more abundant than Li, and have better safety characteristics, while divalent magnesium has the added bonus of passing twice as much charge per atom. On the other hand, both are still emerging fields of research with challenges to overcome. For example, electrodes incorporating Na + are often pulverized under the repeated strain of shuttling the relatively large ion, while insertion and transport of Mg 2+ is often kinetically slow, which stems from larger electrostatic forces. This review provides an overview of cathode and anode materials for sodium-ion batteries, and a comprehensive summary of research on cathodes for magnesium-ion batteries. In additi...

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Electrochemical insertion of lithium, sodium, and magnesium in molybdenum(VI) oxide

Cited by 177 publications

References 13 publications

Amorphous iron phosphate: potential host for various charge carrier ions

Amorphous iron phosphate: potential host for various charge carrier ions

Electrochemical Behaviour of V₂O₅Xerogel and V₂O₅Xerogel/C Composite in an Aqueous LiNO₃and Mg(NO₃)₂Solutions

Beyond Li-ion: electrode materials for sodium- and magnesium-ion batteries

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Electrochemical insertion of lithium, sodium, and magnesium in molybdenum(VI) oxide

Cited by 177 publications

References 13 publications

Amorphous iron phosphate: potential host for various charge carrier ions

Amorphous iron phosphate: potential host for various charge carrier ions

Electrochemical Behaviour of V2O5Xerogel and V2O5Xerogel/C Composite in an Aqueous LiNO3and Mg(NO3)2Solutions

Beyond Li-ion: electrode materials for sodium- and magnesium-ion batteries

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Electrochemical Behaviour of V₂O₅Xerogel and V₂O₅Xerogel/C Composite in an Aqueous LiNO₃and Mg(NO₃)₂Solutions