Electrochemical Immunosensor Platform Using Low-Cost ENIG PCB Finish Electrodes: Application for SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Sensing

Nandeshwar, Ruchira; Santhoshkumar, M.; Kondabagil, Kiran; Tallur, Siddharth

doi:10.1109/access.2021.3128668

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…The ENIG PCB electrode specifications are detailed in our previous work 11 . Conventional cleaning recipes for electrodes, such as using piranha solution or cyclic voltammetry with sulphuric acid are not recommended for ENIG PCB electrodes, as they may cause stripping of the thin gold layer (thickness ) and expose the underlying copper layer that is susceptible to corrosion 21 – 25 . The electrodes were therefore cleaned using lint-free wipes dampened with IPA.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longer amplicons provide better sensitivity for electrochemical sensing of viral nucleic acid in water samples using PCB electrodes

Ahuja

Kumar

Nandeshwar

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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The importance of monitoring environmental samples has gained a lot of prominence since the onset of COVID-19 pandemic, and several surveillance efforts are underway using gold standard, albeit expensive qPCR-based techniques. Electrochemical DNA biosensors could offer a potential cost-effective solution suitable for monitoring of environmental water samples in lower middle income countries. In this work, we demonstrate electrochemical detection of amplicons as long as $${503}\,\hbox {bp}$$ 503 bp obtained from Phi6 bacteriophage (a popular surrogate for SARS-CoV-2) isolated from spiked lake water samples, using ENIG finish PCB electrodes with no surface modification. The electrochemical sensor response is thoroughly characterised for two DNA fragments of different lengths ($${117}\,\hbox {bp}$$ 117 bp and $${503}\,\hbox {bp}$$ 503 bp ), and the impact of salt in PCR master mix on methylene blue (MB)-DNA interactions is studied. Our findings establish that length of the DNA fragment significantly determines electrochemical sensitivity, and the ability to detect long amplicons without gel purification of PCR products demonstrated in this work bodes well for realisation of fully-automated solutions for in situ measurement of viral load in water samples.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longer amplicons provide better sensitivity for electrochemical sensing of viral nucleic acid in water samples using PCB electrodes

Ahuja

Kumar

Nandeshwar

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

Self Cite

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show abstract

“…Recently, SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SP) in PBS and in artificial saliva samples was detected on screen-printed electrodes with working electrode (WE, Ø = 3 mm) modified with AuNPs (70–100 nm). It is reported that electrodes cleaned with base piranha (AC) solution provided more intense DPV electrochemical signals and were used for biofunctionalization steps with Cys/GA/anti-spike (10 × 10 6 pg/mL antibody, 12 µL drop casted) that made the detection of 0.1 × 10 3 to 500 × 10 3 pg/mL spike protein possible ( Figure 3 ) [ 52 ].…”

Section: Electrochemical Immunosensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Cysteamine and Glutaraldehyde Chemicals for Robust Functionalization of Substrates with Protein Biomarkers—An Overview on the Construction of Biosensors with Different Transductions

Ionescu

2022

Biosensors

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Currently, several biosensors are reported to confirm the absence/presence of an abnormal level of specific human biomarkers in research laboratories. Unfortunately, public marketing and/or pharmacy accessibility are not yet possible for many bodily fluid biomarkers. The questions are numerous, starting from the preparation of the substrates, the wet/dry form of recognizing the (bio)ligands, the exposure time, and the choice of the running buffers. In this context, for the first time, the present overview summarizes the pre-functionalization of standard and nanostructured solid/flexible supports with cysteamine (Cys) and glutaraldehyde (GA) chemicals for robust protein immobilization and detection of biomarkers in body fluids (serum, saliva, and urine) using three transductions: piezoelectrical, electrochemical, and optical, respectively. Thus, the reader can easily access and compare step-by-step conjugate protocols published over the past 10 years. In conclusion, Cys/GA chemistry seems widely used for electrochemical sensing applications with different types of recorded signals, either current, potential, or impedance. On the other hand, piezoelectric detection via quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and optical detection by surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)/surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) are ultrasensitive platforms and very good candidates for the miniaturization of medical devices in the near future.

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“…Moreover, the devices described in References [ 186 , 187 ] used both gold and silver PCB-based electrodes. Finally, the PCB-based gold electrodes fabricated using the standard ENIG plating process have been applied to the electrochemical sensing of SARS-CoV-2 amplicons and spike protein [ 188 , 189 ]. As can be seen, the copper, gold and silver layers of the PCB are a good choice for developing biosensors.…”

Section: Printed Circuit Boards For Biomedical Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Printed Circuit Boards: The Layers’ Functions for Electronic and Biomedical Engineering

Perdigones

Quero

2022

Micromachines

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This paper describes the fabrication opportunities that Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) offer for electronic and biomedical engineering. Historically, PCB substrates have been used to support the components of the electronic devices, linking them using copper lines, and providing input and output pads to connect the rest of the system. In addition, this kind of substrate is an emerging material for biomedical engineering thanks to its many interesting characteristics, such as its commercial availability at a low cost with very good tolerance and versatility, due to its multilayer characteristics; that is, the possibility of using several metals and substrate layers. The alternative uses of copper, gold, Flame Retardant 4 (FR4) and silver layers, together with the use of vias, solder masks and a rigid and flexible substrate, are noted. Among other uses, these characteristics have been using to develop many sensors, biosensors and actuators, and PCB-based lab-on chips; for example, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) amplification devices for Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). In addition, several applications of these devices are going to be noted in this paper, and two tables summarizing the layers’ functions are included in the discussion: the first one for metallic layers, and the second one for the vias, solder mask, flexible and rigid substrate functions.

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Electrochemical Immunosensor Platform Using Low-Cost ENIG PCB Finish Electrodes: Application for SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Sensing

Cited by 16 publications

References 56 publications

Longer amplicons provide better sensitivity for electrochemical sensing of viral nucleic acid in water samples using PCB electrodes

Longer amplicons provide better sensitivity for electrochemical sensing of viral nucleic acid in water samples using PCB electrodes

Use of Cysteamine and Glutaraldehyde Chemicals for Robust Functionalization of Substrates with Protein Biomarkers—An Overview on the Construction of Biosensors with Different Transductions

Printed Circuit Boards: The Layers’ Functions for Electronic and Biomedical Engineering

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