“…Table 2 shows that both diazonium salts-based electrografting and click and electroclick chemistries have been used for the construction of electrochemical biosensors for inflammatory cytokines. These methods involved the functionalization of carbon nanomaterials [ 27 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 52 ] and electrode surfaces [ 11 , 13 , 14 , 26 , 36 , 43 , 46 , 52 , 54 , 55 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ] or the incorporation of ethynyl-functionalized antibodies [ 41 , 57 , 59 ].…”
Section: Bioelectroanalytical Methods For the Determination Of Infmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The use of these chemistries for the functionalization of electrode substrates include SPEs (carbon or gold) modified with p -aminobenzoic acid ( p -ABA) [ 26 , 43 , 52 , 54 , 55 , 57 , 58 , 60 , 61 ] and 4-carboxymethyl aryl diazonium (CMA)-modified Au microelectrodes [ 13 , 14 , 32 , 46 , 51 ]. The grafted electrodes have been used mainly for covalent immobilization of the capture bioreceptor and occasionally for immobilization of nanomaterials [ 52 ].…”
Section: Bioelectroanalytical Methods For the Determination Of Infmentioning
The multifaceted key roles of cytokines in immunity and inflammatory processes have led to a high clinical interest for the determination of these biomolecules to be used as a tool in the diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring and treatment of several diseases of great current relevance (autoimmune, neurodegenerative, cardiac, viral and cancer diseases, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes). Therefore, the rapid and accurate determination of cytokine biomarkers in body fluids, cells and tissues has attracted considerable attention. However, many currently available techniques used for this purpose, although sensitive and selective, require expensive equipment and advanced human skills and do not meet the demands of today’s clinic in terms of test time, simplicity and point-of-care applicability. In the course of ongoing pursuit of new analytical methodologies, electrochemical biosensing is steadily gaining ground as a strategy suitable to develop simple, low-cost methods, with the ability for multiplexed and multiomics determinations in a short time and requiring a small amount of sample. This review article puts forward electrochemical biosensing methods reported in the last five years for the determination of cytokines, summarizes recent developments and trends through a comprehensive discussion of selected strategies, and highlights the challenges to solve in this field. Considering the key role demonstrated in the last years by different materials (with nano or micrometric size and with or without magnetic properties), in the design of analytical performance-enhanced electrochemical biosensing strategies, special attention is paid to the methods exploiting these approaches.
“…Table 2 shows that both diazonium salts-based electrografting and click and electroclick chemistries have been used for the construction of electrochemical biosensors for inflammatory cytokines. These methods involved the functionalization of carbon nanomaterials [ 27 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 52 ] and electrode surfaces [ 11 , 13 , 14 , 26 , 36 , 43 , 46 , 52 , 54 , 55 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ] or the incorporation of ethynyl-functionalized antibodies [ 41 , 57 , 59 ].…”
Section: Bioelectroanalytical Methods For the Determination Of Infmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The use of these chemistries for the functionalization of electrode substrates include SPEs (carbon or gold) modified with p -aminobenzoic acid ( p -ABA) [ 26 , 43 , 52 , 54 , 55 , 57 , 58 , 60 , 61 ] and 4-carboxymethyl aryl diazonium (CMA)-modified Au microelectrodes [ 13 , 14 , 32 , 46 , 51 ]. The grafted electrodes have been used mainly for covalent immobilization of the capture bioreceptor and occasionally for immobilization of nanomaterials [ 52 ].…”
Section: Bioelectroanalytical Methods For the Determination Of Infmentioning
The multifaceted key roles of cytokines in immunity and inflammatory processes have led to a high clinical interest for the determination of these biomolecules to be used as a tool in the diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring and treatment of several diseases of great current relevance (autoimmune, neurodegenerative, cardiac, viral and cancer diseases, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes). Therefore, the rapid and accurate determination of cytokine biomarkers in body fluids, cells and tissues has attracted considerable attention. However, many currently available techniques used for this purpose, although sensitive and selective, require expensive equipment and advanced human skills and do not meet the demands of today’s clinic in terms of test time, simplicity and point-of-care applicability. In the course of ongoing pursuit of new analytical methodologies, electrochemical biosensing is steadily gaining ground as a strategy suitable to develop simple, low-cost methods, with the ability for multiplexed and multiomics determinations in a short time and requiring a small amount of sample. This review article puts forward electrochemical biosensing methods reported in the last five years for the determination of cytokines, summarizes recent developments and trends through a comprehensive discussion of selected strategies, and highlights the challenges to solve in this field. Considering the key role demonstrated in the last years by different materials (with nano or micrometric size and with or without magnetic properties), in the design of analytical performance-enhanced electrochemical biosensing strategies, special attention is paid to the methods exploiting these approaches.
“…B) Schematic showing the development of an MBs-based immune-platform for the dual amperometric detection of RANKL and TNF at dual SPCEs. Reproduced and adapted with permission from ref [ 358 ]. Copyright Elsevier 2020 …”
Section: Current Electrochemical/electroanalytical Approaches To Dete...mentioning
Determination of specific cardiac biomarkers (CBs) during the diagnosis and management of adverse cardiovascular events such as acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has become commonplace in emergency department (ED), cardiology and many other ward settings. Cardiac troponins (cTnT and cTnI) and natriuretic peptides (BNP and NT-pro-BNP) are the preferred biomarkers in clinical practice for the diagnostic workup of AMI, acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and other types of myocardial ischaemia and heart failure (HF), while the roles and possible clinical applications of several other potential biomarkers continue to be evaluated and are the subject of several comprehensive reviews. The requirement for rapid, repeated testing of a small number of CBs in ED and cardiology patients has led to the development of point-of-care (PoC) technology to circumvent the need for remote and lengthy testing procedures in the hospital pathology laboratories. Electroanalytical sensing platforms have the potential to meet these requirements. This review aims firstly to reflect on the potential benefits of rapid CB testing in critically ill patients, a very distinct cohort of patients with deranged baseline levels of CBs. We summarise their source and clinical relevance and are the first to report the required analytical ranges for such technology to be of value in this patient cohort. Secondly, we review the current electrochemical approaches, including its sub-variants such as photoelectrochemical and electrochemiluminescence, for the determination of important CBs highlighting the various strategies used, namely the use of micro- and nanomaterials, to maximise the sensitivities and selectivities of such approaches. Finally, we consider the challenges that must be overcome to allow for the commercialisation of this technology and transition into intensive care medicine.
Graphical abstract
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