Electrochemical high temperature technology for hydrogen production or direct electricity generation☆

Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells: Microstructure and Degradation of the Ni/Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Electrode

“…In the 1980s Dönitz and co-workers 4 reported on long-term stability of electrolyte supported tubular SOECs using Ni/YSZ hydrogen electrodes. However, a comparison of the effect of long-term electrolysis testing on the microstructure of Ni/YSZ electrodes by Dönitz and co-workers 4 and the results presented in Fig.…”

“…Already in the 1980s researchers in the HotElly project [2][3][4] and at Westinghouse 5 published promising results on hydrogen production by steam electrolysis using SOECs and electricity-to-hydrogen efficiency above 90% was reported. 4 During the 1990s and 2000s the research and development ͑R&D͒ focus has been on the R&D for SOFCs rather than SOECs, and material development and optimization has led to large improvements in performance and durability for SOFCs and decreased production cost for SOFCs.…”

Modeling Degradation in Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells

“…1,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26 Typical SOEC consists of an oxygen ion conducting a solid electrolyte such as YSZ sandwiched between two electrodes; steam-H 2 electrode (which is the cathode in SOEC) made typically of nickel + YSZ oxygen electrode (which is the anode in SOEC) made typically of an electron (hole) conducting perovskite such as Sr-doped LaMnO 3 (LSM) mixed with YSZ. The cell is typically operated over a temperature range from 800 to 900°C.…”

The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs

“…The supercritical AGR (S-AGR), also referred to as the S-CO 2 , necessitates upgrading the AGR design pressure from the current 4 megapascals (MPa) to about 20 MPa, which has not been attempted before in a concrete containment. A reference HTES design called HOTELLY (high-operatingtemperature electrolysis) (Doenitz et al, 1988) is chosen as the basis for this example.…”