Electrochemical Formation of Second Generation TiO₂ Nanotubes on Ti13Nb13Zr Alloy for Biomedical Applications

Abstract

The aim of this study was to obtain the second generation TiO2 nanotubes on the Ti13Nb13Zr alloy. Anodic oxidation of the alloy under study was carried out in 1 M (NH4)2SO4 electrolyte under voltage-time conditions of 20 V for 120 min. The morphological parameters of the obtained nanotubes of second generation such as the length (L), internal (Di) and outer (Do) diameter of nanotube were determined. It was found that the anodic oxidation of the Ti13Nb13Zr alloy conducted under proposed conditions allowed to obtain the single-walled nanotubes of the following geometrical parameters: the internal diameter 61 nm, outer diameter 103 nm, and the length 3.9 µm. The total surface area of the single-walled nanotubes was equal to 4.1 µm 2 , and the specific surface area per cm 2 (As) was estimated to be 15.6 cm 2 /cm 2 . Formation mechanism, structure and optimal morphological parameters of the obtained single-walled nanotubes on the Ti13Nb13Zr alloy have been discussed in detail.

Synthesis of oxide nanotubes on Ti13Nb13Zr alloy by the electrochemical method

“…This alloy was developed by Davidson and Kovacs [16] in 1992, and was found to exhibit excellent biocompatibility. The process of formation of TiO 2 nanotubes on this alloy was investigated by Stróż et al [17,18] and Ossowska et al [19]. Electrochemical corrosion (1) TiO 2 + h (UV) = TiO 2 (e − ) + TiO 2 h + behaviour in Ringer's solution of nanotubular oxide developed on its surface as well as the influence of the heat treatment was reported by Saji and Choe [20].…”

Production, Characterization and Application of Oxide Nanotubes on Ti–6Al–7Nb Alloy as a Potential Drug Carrier

“…One of the answers to the challenges of modern medicine is the development of new biomaterials with increased corrosion resistance and biocompatibility, intended for long-term implants in implantology [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. The most promising group of biomaterials for such applications is titanium and its single-phase alloys α or β and two-phase alloys α + β, which contain the additions of Al, V, Nb, Ta, Zr, Mo, Si, Sn, Pd, Fe, and Hf and exhibit osseointegrative properties [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. The two-phase Ti–6Al–4V alloy has so far dominated the long-term implant market.…”

“…The area of mutual bone adhesion to the porous surface of the implant is also increased. This is why almost all new generation implants have a porous surface, obtained with the use of various technologies [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ].…”

“…Self-organized ONT layers on titanium and its alloys are produced by anodization, usually at a constant voltage in the range of 1–30 V in aqueous electrolytes or 5–150 V in non-aqueous electrolytes with the addition of fluoride ions (0.1–1 wt%) [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. During this electrochemical oxidation process carried out in electrolytes containing fluoride ions on the anode surface, the oxidation and dissolution of metal oxides take place.…”

Electrophoretic deposition of chitosan coatings on the Ti15Mo biomedical alloy from a citric acid solution

“…In order to increase the biocompatibility of implants the oxide layers, polymeric or ceramic coatings are applied on their surface. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] They increase the corrosion resistance of the implant and may also be a matrix with embedded tissue-forming, antibacterial and/or anticoagulant substances. 13 An interesting technique for obtaining coatings for medical use is the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method.…”