Electrochemical extraction of lithium from LiMn2O4

Thackeray, M. M.; Johnson, Paul J.; Picciotto, L.A. de; Bruce, Peter G.; Goodenough, John B

doi:10.1016/0025-5408(84)90088-6

Cited by 884 publications

(487 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The LiMn 2 O 4 nanorod and Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 nanopowder electrodes achieved initial discharge capacities of 110 mAh/g and 149 mAh/g, and capacity retentions of 93% and 96% after 50 cycles at C/3, respectively. These values are comparable with metal collector-based batteries (38,(40)(41)(42). In our devices, the coulomb efficiency was generally Ϸ98.5% for LiMn 2 O 4 and over 99.5% for Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 .…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

“…4B displays the initial charge/discharge curves of half cells consisting of the LiMn 2 O 4 nanorods or Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 nanopowders coated on conductive paper as working electrodes and lithium foil as counter electrodes. Voltage profiles were close to those with metal current collectors, according to previous work, and no apparent voltage drop was observed (38,(40)(41)(42). The cycling performance of these conductive paper-supported electrodes is shown in Fig.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Highly conductive paper for energy-storage devices

Hu¹,

Choi²,

Yang³

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

1,150

899

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Paper, invented more than 2,000 years ago and widely used today in our everyday lives, is explored in this study as a platform for energy-storage devices by integration with 1D nanomaterials. Here, we show that commercially available paper can be made highly conductive with a sheet resistance as low as 1 ohm per square (⍀/sq) by using simple solution processes to achieve conformal coating of single-walled carbon nanotube (CNT) and silver nanowire films. Compared with plastics, paper substrates can dramatically improve film adhesion, greatly simplify the coating process, and significantly lower the cost. Supercapacitors based on CNT-conductive paper show excellent performance. When only CNT mass is considered, a specific capacitance of 200 F/g, a specific energy of 30 -47 Watt-hour/kilogram (Wh/kg), a specific power of 200,000 W/kg, and a stable cycling life over 40,000 cycles are achieved. These values are much better than those of devices on other flat substrates, such as plastics. Even in a case in which the weight of all of the dead components is considered, a specific energy of 7.5 Wh/kg is achieved. In addition, this conductive paper can be used as an excellent lightweight current collector in lithiumion batteries to replace the existing metallic counterparts. This work suggests that our conductive paper can be a highly scalable and low-cost solution for high-performance energy storage devices.conformal coating ͉ carbon nanotubes ͉ nanomaterial ͉ solution process P rintable solution processing has been exploited to deposit various nanomaterials, such as fullerene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), nanocrystals, and nanowires for large-scale applications, including thin-film transistors (1-3), solar cells (4, 5), and energy-storage devices (6, 7), because the process is low-cost while maintaining the unique properties of the nanomaterials. In these processes, flat substrates, such as glass, metallic films, Si wafers, and plastics, have been used to hold nanostructure films. Nanostructured materials are usually first capped with surfactant molecules so that they can be well-dispersed as separated particles in a solvent to form ''ink.'' The ink is then deposited onto the flat substrates, followed by surfactant removal and solvent evaporation. To produce high-quality films, significant efforts have been spent on ink formulation and rheology adjustment. Moreover, because the surfactants are normally insulating, and thus limit the charge transfer between the nanomaterials, their removal is particularly critical. However, this step involves extensive washing and chemical displacement, which often cause mechanical detachment of the film from the flat substrate. Polymer binders or adhesives have been used to improve the binding of nanomaterials to substrates, but these can also cause an undesirable decrease in the film conductivity. These additional procedures increase the complexity of solution processing and result in high cost and low throughput. Here, we exploit paper substrates used in daily life to solve these issues a...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

Highly conductive paper for energy-storage devices

Hu¹,

Choi²,

Yang³

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

1,150

899

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…These conventional solid state methods are not relevant to produce nanosized spinel LiMn 2 O 4 , since repeated heat treatments at high temperatures are necessary, which leads to large particle size, inhomogeneity, irregular morphology and broad particle size distribution. [134][135][136][137] Thus, a sustained effort of many researchers has gone into the development of new synthetic methods to yield nanocrystalline LiMn 2 O 4 particles, such as acetate based chemical solution route, 138 reduction of manganese dioxide by glucose, 139 modified citrate route, 140 ultrasonic spray pyrolysis, 141 sol-gel using citric acid, 142 nitrate based chemical solution route, 143 mechanochemical synthesis, 144 sol-gel method, 27 self-combustion reaction, 145 glycine nitrate combustion process 146 and solid state reaction followed by ball milling. 147 Depending on the synthetic procedure, nanosized LiMn 2 O 4 with different physical and chemical properties, such as crystallinity, amount of combined water, specific surface area, porosity and conductivity were obtained.…”

Section: Manganese Oxidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cathodes for lithium ion batteries: the benefits of using nanostructured materials

Camilo¹,

Torresi²

2006

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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As celas de íon lítio disponíveis comercialmente, as quais são as mais avançadas entre as baterias recarregáveis disponíveis até agora, empregam óxidos de metais de transição microcristalinos como catodos, os quais funcionam como matrizes de inserção de lítio. Em busca por uma melhor performance eletroquímica, o uso de nanomateriais no lugar dos materiais convencionais tem emergido como excelente alternativa. Nesta revisão nós apresentaremos uma breve introdução sobre as motivações de usar materiais nanoestruturados como catodos em baterias de íon-lítio. Para ilustrar tais vantagens apresentamos exemplos de pesquisas relacionadas com a preparação e dados eletroquímicos dos mais usados catodos em nanoescala, tais como LiCoO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiMnO 2 , LiV 2 O 5 e LiFePO 4 .Commercially available lithium ion cells, which are the most advanced among rechargeable batteries available so far, employ microcrystalline transition metal oxides as cathodes, which function as Li insertion hosts. In search for better electrochemical performance the use of nanomaterials in place of these conventional ones has emerged as excellent alternative. In this review we present a brief introduction about the motivations to use nanostructured materials as cathodes in lithium ion batteries. To illustrate such advantages we present some examples of research directed toward preparations and electrochemical data of the most used cathodes in nanoscale, such as LiCoO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiMnO 2 , LiV 2 O 5 e LiFePO 4 .Keywords: nanotechnology, lithium-ion battery, cathode, nanoparticles Initial RemarksSince Sony introduced its 18650 cell in 1990, 1 Li-ion batteries with excellent electrochemical performance have been manufactured and occupied a prime position in the market place 2 to power portable and non-portable devices. [3][4][5] The reason for this relevance is that compared to traditional rechargeable batteries such as, lead acid and Ni-Cd, the lithium-ion battery shows several advantages, such as lighter in weight, smaller in dimension and higher energy density. 1 Moreover, although capacity values may be similar to other rechargeable systems, voltages are approximately three times higher, affording higher energy. 1 In general, the commercial lithium-ion batteries use graphite-lithium composite, Li x C 6 , as anode, lithium cobalt oxide, LiCoO 2 , as cathode and a lithium-ion conducting electrolyte. When the cell is charged, lithium is extracted from the cathode and inserted at the anode. On discharge, the lithium ions are released by the anode and taken up again by the cathode (Figure 1).Owing to the importance of lithium ion batteries, these cells are still object of intense research to enhance their properties and characteristics. The searches focus on all aspects of these batteries, including improved anodes, 6-8 cathodes 9-17 and electrolytes. [18][19][20][21][22] However, most of these efforts are concentrated in new cathode materials, since the most used cathode material (LiCoO 2 ) is expensive and is somewhat toxic.The active catho...

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“…Since more than three decades sustained efforts have been devoted by Goodenough to propose and study oxide compounds based on transitionmetal (TM) elements with a special focus to those compounds that crystallize in structures favoring large mobility of Li + ions in order to transfer energy during the redox reaction. Milestones were made in 1980 for the LiCoO 2 layered structure [3], for LiMn 2 O 4 spinels [4,5] and for the LiMPO 4 (M = Fe, Mn, etc.) olivine family [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis, effect of γ-ray and electrical conductivity of uranium doped nano LiMn2O4 spinels for applications as positive electrodes in Li-ion rechargeable batteries

El-Metwaly¹,

Abou-Sekkina

Saad

et al. 2014

Materials Science-Poland

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LiMn 2 O 4 is an attractive candidate cathode material for Li-ion rechargeable batteries, but it suffers from severe capacity fading, especially at higher temperature (55 • C) during charging/discharging processes. Recently, many attempts have been made to synthesize modified LiMn 2 O 4 . In this work, a new study on the synthesis of pure and U 4+ -doped nano lithium manganese oxide [LiMn 2−x U x O 4 , (x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.03)] via solid-state method was introduced. The synthesized LiMn 1.97 U 0.03 O 4 was irradiated by γ-radiation (10 and 30 kGy). The green samples and the resulting spinel products were characterized using thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared (IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements. XRD and SEM studies revealed nano-sized particles in all prepared samples. Direct-current (DC) electrical conductivity measurements indicated that these samples are semiconductors and the activation energies decrease with increasing rare-earth U 4+ content and γ-irradiation. ∆E a equals to 0.304 eV for LiMn 1.99 U 0.01 O 4 , ∆E a is 0.282 eV for LiMn 1.97 U 0.03 O 4 and decreases to ∆E a = 0.262 eV for γ-irradiated LiMn 1.97 U 0.03 O 4 nano spinel. The data obtained for the investigated samples increase their attractiveness in modern electronic technology.

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Electrochemical extraction of lithium from LiMn2O4

Cited by 884 publications

References 4 publications

Highly conductive paper for energy-storage devices

Highly conductive paper for energy-storage devices

Cathodes for lithium ion batteries: the benefits of using nanostructured materials

Synthesis, effect of γ-ray and electrical conductivity of uranium doped nano LiMn2O4 spinels for applications as positive electrodes in Li-ion rechargeable batteries

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