Electrochemical exfoliation and deposition of sodium-graphene oxide composite for high specific capacity cathode/anode for dual-carbon sodium ion battery application

Production of Sulphur-Doped Graphene Oxide as an Anode Material for Na-Ion Batteries

“…The nano-structured anode materials enable the exposure of more active sites and shorten the ion transport path by increasing the specific surface area or reducing the domain size to improve the specific capacity and rate performance of NIBs which benefits ion diffusion and electrode structural integrity. 11 Functional carbon-based materials with diverse structures have attracted significant attention in NIBs such as reduced graphene oxide, [18][19][20][21] graphene quantum dots, 22 three dimensional doped graphene, 23 holey graphene oxide, 24 petroleum cokes, 25 carbon black, 26,27 3D porous carbon, 28 sodium-graphene oxide composite, 29 carbon microspheres, 30 carbon nanofibers, 31 and hard carbon, [32][33][34][35] in view of the fact that carbon-based materials have excellent chemical stability, well-developed porous structure, high conductivity, outstanding mobility, and short diffusion length. 36,37 A key challenge for sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) arises from the intrinsic properties of sodium ions; Na + ions are 55% larger than Li + ions, making it difficult to use the same electrode materials commonly employed in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).…”