Electrochemical enhancement of ammonia synthesis in a BaZr0.7Ce0.2Y0.1O2.9 solid electrolyte cell

Vasileiou, E.; Kyriakou, V.; Garagounis, I.; Vourros, Anastasios; Manerbino, A.; Coors, W. Grover; Stoukides, Michael

doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2015.12.022

Cited by 58 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…If ammonia is produced from reaction (1), the threshold values of E • are 0.057 V and −0.123 V vs SHE at 25 • C and 500 • C, respectively. When the hydrogen source is H 2 O (equation (7)), the corresponding E • values are −1.13 V vs SHE at 25 • C and −1.21 V vs SHE at 500 • C. According to most of the experimental studies [4,5,19,26,29], the effect of applied voltage on the rate of NH 3 synthesis follows the behavior shown schematically in Fig. 9.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Progress in the Electrochemical Synthesis of Ammonia

et al. 2017

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Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Without H 2 , the highest rate was 1.7 × 10 −9 mol s −1 cm −2 . When H 2 was present (P H2 /P N2 = 1), an electrochemical reaction rate of 4.1 × 10 −9 mol s −1 cm −2 was obtained, corresponding to a 140% enhancement of the open-circuit rate [29].…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in the Electrochemical Synthesis of Ammonia

et al. 2017

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“…Additionally, when calculating the CTE for non-linear materials of this nature, it may be more accurate to use the low temperature reference dimension (L in Equation 3) from the pertinent temperature range, and not necessarily the RT reference dimension. 4.2094 (7) F I G U R E 7 Schematic plot of hysteresis behavior of the protonic defect concentration in BZCY72 [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]…”

Section: (A(t High )-A (T Low )/A(t Low ))/ Dtmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3] It is well known that cerates are unstable in carbon dioxide and high steam containing atmospheres. 6,7 The protonic defects (OH o • ) are incorporated into the material by the Wagner hydration mechanism, 8 (Equation 1), in which water dissociates in oxygen vacancies generating two mobile protons on oxygen sites in the anion sublattice. Therefore, devices are designed using solid solution of barium zirconate-cerate with a reduced fraction of cerium on Bsites (BaZr 0.9Àx Ce x Y 0.1 O 3-d BZCY).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, devices are designed using solid solution of barium zirconate-cerate with a reduced fraction of cerium on Bsites (BaZr 0.9Àx Ce x Y 0.1 O 3-d BZCY). 6,7 The protonic defects (OH o • ) are incorporated into the material by the Wagner hydration mechanism, 8 (Equation 1), in which water dissociates in oxygen vacancies generating two mobile protons on oxygen sites in the anion sublattice.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chemical expansion in BaZr_0.9−xCe_xY_0.1O_3−δ(x= 0 and 0.2) upon hydration determined by high‐temperature X‐ray diffraction

et al. 2017

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Understanding the strain from chemical expansion of proton‐conducting ceramics is crucial to prevent their failure under operating conditions. BZY10 (BaZr0.9Y0.1O3−δ) and BZCY72 (BaZr0.7Ce0.2Y0.1O3−δ) were studied using high‐temperature X‐ray diffraction (HT‐XRD) in moist and dry reducing atmosphere in order to prevent the competition with the oxidation reaction. Both powder and dense specimens were investigated and similar lattice parameters were obtained, demonstrating that the data were recorded on samples that were in equilibrium with the surrounding environment. Two sets of experiments were performed. In the first one, the sample was hydrated in situ in the XRD chamber at high temperature and diffraction data were collected during cooling. For the second set, the samples were pre‐hydrated ex situ in an autoclave and the XRD patterns were recorded during heating under dry conditions. As expected, lattice parameters were larger for the hydrated samples, due to hydration chemical expansion. The chemical expansion was also found to be larger with the presence of Ce. Finally, larger concentrations of protonic defects were present in the lattice of the ex situ pre‐hydrated samples compared with the in situ hydrated samples.

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Protonic Ceramic Electrochemical Cells for Synthesizing Sustainable Chemicals and Fuels

2023

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Protonic ceramic electrochemical cells (PCECs) have been intensively studied as the technology that can be employed for power generation, energy storage, and sustainable chemical synthesis. Recently, there have been substantial advances in electrolyte and electrode materials for improving the performance of protonic ceramic fuel cells and protonic ceramic electrolyzers. However, the electrocatalytic materials development for synthesizing chemicals in PCECs has gained less attention, and there is a lack of systematic and fundamental understanding of the PCEC reactor design, reaction mechanisms, and electrode materials. This review comprehensively summarizes and critically evaluates the most up‐to‐date progress in employing PCECs to synthesize a wide range of chemicals, including ammonia, carbon monoxide, methane, light olefins, and aromatics. Factors that impact the conversion, selectivity, product yield, and energy efficiencies are discussed to provide new insights into designing electrochemical cells, developing electrode materials, and achieving economically viable chemical synthesis. The primary challenges associated with producing chemicals in PCECs are highlighted. Approaches to tackle these challenges are then offered, with a particular focus on deliberately designing electrode materials, aiming to achieve practically valuable product yield and energy efficiency. Finally, perspectives on the future development of PCECs for synthesizing sustainable chemicals are provided.

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Electrochemical enhancement of ammonia synthesis in a BaZr0.7Ce0.2Y0.1O2.9 solid electrolyte cell

Cited by 58 publications

References 19 publications

Progress in the Electrochemical Synthesis of Ammonia

Progress in the Electrochemical Synthesis of Ammonia

Chemical expansion in BaZr_0.9−xCe_xY_0.1O_3−δ(x= 0 and 0.2) upon hydration determined by high‐temperature X‐ray diffraction

Protonic Ceramic Electrochemical Cells for Synthesizing Sustainable Chemicals and Fuels

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Electrochemical enhancement of ammonia synthesis in a BaZr0.7Ce0.2Y0.1O2.9 solid electrolyte cell

Cited by 58 publications

References 19 publications

Progress in the Electrochemical Synthesis of Ammonia

Progress in the Electrochemical Synthesis of Ammonia

Chemical expansion in BaZr0.9−xCexY0.1O3−δ(x= 0 and 0.2) upon hydration determined by high‐temperature X‐ray diffraction

Protonic Ceramic Electrochemical Cells for Synthesizing Sustainable Chemicals and Fuels

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Chemical expansion in BaZr_0.9−xCe_xY_0.1O_3−δ(x= 0 and 0.2) upon hydration determined by high‐temperature X‐ray diffraction