Electrochemical Determination of Dopamine with a Carbon Paste–Lanthanum (III) Oxide Micro-Composite Electrode: Effect of Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide Surfactanton Selectivity

Abstract

This paper presents a new application of a lanthanum oxide (III)-modified carbon paste electrode (LaOX/CPE) for dopamine (DP) detection in the presence of ascorbic acid (AA). The presence of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) facilitated the LaOX/CPE electrode’s ability to detect DP amidst AA interference, resulting in a substantial 70.0% increase in the anodic peak current for DP when compared to the unmodified carbon paste electrode (CPE). CTAB enabled clear separation of the anodic peaks for DP and AA by nearly 0.2 V, despite their initially overlapping potential values, through the ion–dipole interaction of AA and CTAB. The electrode was characterized using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The method demonstrated a detection limit of 0.06 µmol/L with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 6.0% (n = 15). Accuracy was assessed through the relative error and recovery percent, using urine samples spiked with known quantities of DP.