Electrochemical detection of lactate produced by foodborne presumptive lactic acid bacteria

Engineered two-dimensional nanomaterials based diagnostics integrated with internet of medical things (IoMT) for COVID-19

“…2DNMs possess unique properties and characteristics that make them highly suitable for advanced diagnostics of SARS-CoV-2. 139 These materials have an ultra-thin structure, and this atomic-level thickness gives them exceptional mechanical strength and flexibility, atomic-scale thickness, pronounced anisotropy, and electron confinement allowing for their integration into various diagnostic devices and systems. 140 Also, 2DNMs have very good electrical conductivity, which makes it possible to make sensitive biosensors that can pick up very small amounts of biomarkers in body fluids.…”

“…141 After obtaining multilayer MXene structures via etching, single or few-layer 2D MXenes can be produced via sonication. 142 Naguib and colleagues produced the very first MXene Ti 3 C 2 by selectively removing the Al layers of the Ti 3 AlC 2 MAX phase using 50% HF acid at room temperature for 2 hours. 143 Recently, the Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene was synthesized by selectively removing Al layers from the underlying Ti 3 AlC 2 MAX phase using a mixture containing HCl and LiF.…”

“…This characteristic renders them highly favorable for the development of advanced biosensors in the future. 142 2D TMDs have demonstrated relatively large tunable bandgaps ranging from a few meV to a few eV depending on the 2DNMs, resulting in lower off-state current and improved signal-tonoise ratios. For instance, the unique properties of MoS 2…”

“…MXenes are emerging E2DNMs with high electrical conductivity, good hydrophilicity, and tunable surface chemistry, making them attractive for biosensing of SARS-CoV-2. 139 Optoelectronics and electronic circuits depend on E2DNMs and electromagnetic spectra to fill visible bandgaps. 2D semiconductors are cheaper than precious metal electrocatalysts with higher active site concentrations due to their regular crystal structure.…”

Immobilization of Enzyme Electrochemical Biosensors and Their Application to Food Bioprocess Monitoring

“…The sensor greatly improves, simplifies, and saves the monitoring of lactic acid in biological samples for laboratory analysis and foods and wines for fermentation control and is now successfully used for the quantitative detection of lactic acid in saliva, wine, and dairy products. In another study, Ozoglu et al [66] presented the design of an enzyme-based amperometric lactate biosensor with a linear range of 50-350 µM, a detection limit of 31 µM, and a sensitivity of 0.04 µA µM −1 cm −2 for the detection of lactate produced by six different, morphologically defined putative LAB. This study demonstrates that improving the interface of biosensors using a modification of composites or immobilization of mediators and enzymes on a catalyst layer is useful for designing interference-free measurement systems, especially for the detection of bacterial metabolites.…”