Electrochemical degradation and saponification of porcine adipose tissue

Pham, Tiffany; Stokolosa, Anna M; Borden, Pamela A.; Hansen, Kyle; Hong, Ellen M; Krasieva, Tatiana B.; Sivoraphonh, Ryan; Moy, Wesley J.; Heidari, Andrew E.; Lee, Lauren H.; Kim, Eun‐Hee; Sun, Chung Ho; Jia, Wangcun; Mo, Ji Hun; Kim, Sehwan; Hill, Michael G.; Wong, Brian J. F.

doi:10.1038/s41598-020-76678-y

Cited by 5 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…Our group's preliminary studies have shown that V-ECLL may serve as a low-cost minimally invasive method of lysing adipocytes for medical or cosmetic purposes. 24,25,32,33 However, open-loop V-ECLL has limitations as the current spikes, plateaus, and then decays within the first 30 seconds of treatment, indicating a short time frame during which most charge transfer occurs. Therefore, V-ECLL in its current embodiment is limited in delivering charge and subsequently less efficient at producing sufficient acid and base to induce adipocyte lysis, despite continued voltage application.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous work measured temperature changes using an infrared focal plane array and thermocouples and was on the order of 1°C at most at the dosimetry setting used. 16,24,25 Following ECLL, the area surrounding the electrode insertion sites of each individual treatment site were tattooed with black ink to provide registry points for each treatment site. Serial 10 mm punch biopsies for each day were taken and hemisected (Figure 2B) to prepare samples for biologic fluorescence assays and histology.…”

Section: V-ecll and P-ecll Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have recently developed an electrochemical method to treat fat, which builds upon previous work using electrochemical techniques to reshape cartilage. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] Electrochemical lipolysis (ECLL) relies upon the electrolysis of water to create active species that lyse cell membranes and saponify triglycerides. In ECLL, tissue is first tumesced with saline, followed by the insertion of platinum needle electrodes into the adipose layer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies have shown this in situ acid and base generation leads to localized tissue injury facilitating cartilage reshaping, collagen remodeling in the skin, tendon lengthening in joints, and adipocyte necrosis in fat with triglyceride saponification. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] It should be noted that the standard limitations of electrical devices in the DC regime apply to this electrochemical therapy, 26 limiting the patient population to which this treatment may be applicable, such as those with pacemakers or implantable cardioverter defibrillators. While our group has previously demonstrated the feasibility of a simple voltage-driven ECLL (V-ECLL) that uses an open-loop DC circuit to lyse fat, the lack of feedback control may limit the reaction rate and spatial control of this electrochemical effect.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exploring feedback‐controlled versus open‐circuit electrochemical lipolysis in ex vivo and in vivo porcine fat: A feasibility study

et al. 2021

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Objectives: Minimally invasive fat sculpting techniques are becoming more widespread with the development of office-based devices and therapies. Electrochemical lipolysis (ECLL) is a needle-based technology that uses direct current (DC) to electrolyze tissue water creating acid and base in situ. In turn, fat is saponified and adipocyte cell membrane lysis occurs. The electrolysis of water can be accomplished using a simple open-loop circuit (V-ECLL) or by incorporating a feedback control circuit using a potentiostat (P-ECLL). A potentiostat utilizes an operational amplifier with negative feedback to allow users to precisely control voltage at specific electrodes. To date, the variation between the two approaches has not been studied. The aim of this study was to assess current and charge transfer variation and lipolytic effect created by the two approaches in an in vivo porcine model. Methods: Charge transfer measurements from ex vivo V-ECLL and P-ECLL treated porcine skin and fat were recorded at −1 V P-ECLL, −2 V P-ECLL, −3 V P-ECLL, and −5 V V-ECLL each for 5 min to guide dosimetry parameters for in vivo studies. In follow-up in vivo studies, a sedated female Yorkshire pig was treated with both V-ECLL and P-ECLL across the dorsal surface over a range of dosimetry parameters, including −1.5 V P-ECLL, −2.5 V P-ECLL, −3.5 V P-ECLL, and 5 V V-ECLL each treated for 5 min. Serial biopsies were performed at baseline before treatment, 1, 2, 7, 14, and 28 days after treatment. Tissue was examined using fluorescence microscopy and histology to compare the effects of the two ECLL approaches. Results: Both V-ECLL and P-ECLL treatments induced in-vivo fat necrosis evident by adipocyte membrane lysis, adipocyte denuclearization, and an acute inflammatory response across a 28-day longitudinal study. However, −1.5 V P-ECLL produced a smaller spatial necrotic effect compared to 5 V V-ECLL. In addition, 5 V V-ECLL produced a comparable necrotic effect to that of −2.5 V and −3.5 V P-ECLL. Conclusions: V-ECLL and P-ECLL at the aforementioned dosimetry parameters both achieved fat necrosis by adipocyte membrane lysis and denuclearization. The −2.5 V and −3.5 V P-ECLL treatments created spatially similar fat necrotic effects when compared to the 5 V V-ECLL treatment. Quantitatively, total charge transfer between dosimetry parameters suggests that −2.5 V P-ECLL and 5 V V-ECLL produce comparable electrochemical reactions. Such findings suggest

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: V-ecll and P-ecll Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exploring feedback‐controlled versus open‐circuit electrochemical lipolysis in ex vivo and in vivo porcine fat: A feasibility study

et al. 2021

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“…In cartilage this leads to shape change; in tendon this leads to shape change, as well as changes in Young's modulus; in skin matrix collagen structure is altered; and in fat adipocyte cell membranes are lysed, and triglycerides are saponified. 9 – 29 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential-Driven Electrochemical Clearing of Ex Vivo Alkaline Corneal Injuries

Dilley

Borden

et al. 2022

Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech.

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Purpose Corneal chemical injuries (CCI) obscure vision by opacifying the cornea; however, current treatments may not fully restore clarity. Here, we investigated potential-driven electrochemical treatment (P-ECT) to restore clarity after alkaline-based CCI in ex vivo rabbit corneas and examined collagen fiber orientation changes using second harmonic generation (SHG). Methods NaOH was applied to the corneas of intact New Zealand white rabbit globes. P-ECT was performed on the opacified cornea while optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging (∼35 frames per second) was simultaneously performed. SHG imaging evaluated collagen fiber structure before NaOH application and after P-ECT. Irrigation with water served as a control. Results P-ECT restored local optical clarity after NaOH exposure. OCT imaging shows both progression of NaOH injury and the restoration of clarity in real time. Analysis of SHG z-stack images show that collagen fibril orientation is similar between control, NaOH-damaged, and post-P-ECT corneas. NaOH-injured corneas flushed with water (15 minutes) show no restoration of clarity. Conclusions P-ECT may be a means to correct alkaline CCI. Collagen fibril orientation does not change after NaOH exposure or P-ECT, suggesting that no irreversible matrix level fiber changes occur. Further studies are required to determine the mechanism for corneal clearing and to ascertain the optimal electrical dosimetry parameters and electrode designs. Translational Relevance Our findings suggest that P-ECT is a potentially effective, low-cost treatment for alkaline CCI.

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In vivo electrochemical lipolysis of fat in a Yucatan pig model: A proof of concept study

et al. 2022

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Objectives Traditional fat contouring is now regularly performed using numerous office‐based less invasive techniques. However, some limitations of these minimally invasive techniques include high cost or limited selectivity with performing localized contouring and reduction of fat. These shortcomings may potentially be addressed by electrochemical lipolysis (ECLL), a novel approach that involves the insertion of electrodes into tissue followed by application of a direct current (DC) electrical potential. This results in the hydrolysis of tissue water creating active species that lead to fat necrosis and apoptosis. ECLL can be accomplished using a simple voltage‐driven system (V‐ECLL) or a potential‐driven feedback cell (P‐ECLL) both leading to water electrolysis and the creation of acid and base in situ. The aim of this study is to determine the long‐lasting effects of targeted ECLL in a Yucatan pig model. Methods A 5‐year‐old Yucatan pig was treated with both V‐ECLL and P‐ECLL in the subcutaneous fat layer using 80:20 platinum:iridium needle electrodes along an 8 cm length. Dosimetry parameters included 5 V V‐ECLL for 5, 10, and 20 minutes, and −1.5 V P‐ECLL, −2.5 V P‐ECLL, −3.5 V P‐ECLL for 5 minutes. The pig was assessed for changes in fat reduction over 3 months with digital photography and ultrasound. After euthanasia, tissue sections were harvested and gross pathology and histology were examined. Results V‐ECLL and P‐ECLL treatments led to visible fat reduction (12.1%–27.7% and 9.4%–40.8%, respectively) and contour changes across several parameters. An increased reduction of the superficial fat layer occurred with increased dosimetry parameters with an average charge transfer of 12.5, 24.3, and 47.5 C transferred for 5 V V‐ECLL for 5, 10, and 20 minutes, respectively, and 2.0, 11.5, and 24.0 C for −1.5 V P‐ECLL, −2.5 V P‐ECLL, −3.5 V P‐ECLL for 5 minutes, respectively. These dose‐dependent changes were also evidenced by digital photography, gross pathology, ultrasound imaging, and histology. Conclusions ECLL results in selective damage and long‐lasting changes to the adipose layer in vivo. These changes are dose‐dependent, thus allowing for more precise contouring of target areas. P‐ECLL has greater efficiency and control of total charge transfer compared to V‐ECLL, suggesting that a low‐voltage potentiostat treatment can result in fat apoptosis equivalent to a high‐voltage DC system.

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Electrochemical degradation and saponification of porcine adipose tissue

Cited by 5 publications

References 50 publications

Exploring feedback‐controlled versus open‐circuit electrochemical lipolysis in ex vivo and in vivo porcine fat: A feasibility study

Exploring feedback‐controlled versus open‐circuit electrochemical lipolysis in ex vivo and in vivo porcine fat: A feasibility study

Potential-Driven Electrochemical Clearing of Ex Vivo Alkaline Corneal Injuries

In vivo electrochemical lipolysis of fat in a Yucatan pig model: A proof of concept study

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