Electrochemical characterization of mild steel in alkaline solutions simulating concrete environment

Volpi, Enrico; Olietti, Andrea; Stefanoni, Matteo; Trasatti, Stefano P.

doi:10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.10.023

Cited by 102 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Protective properties Formation of the passive film leads to a decrease in corrosion rate with time reaching values of \0.1 lA/cm 2 (1 mA/m 2 ) corresponding to mass loss \1 lm/year, i.e. an insignificant rate [32,37,38,40]. This protective nature of the passive state is associated to a marked decrease in the ionic conduction in the film (ion barrier); a lower electronic conduction was also reported [39].…”

Section: Passive Filmmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…The steel surface was machined [30], ground [31], sandblasted [26,32] or in most cases mechanically polished [33][34][35][36][37]. Upon exposure to alkaline solutions, literature work agrees on an asymptotical increase of the open circuit potential (OCP) [26,[30][31][32][33][34][36][37][38][39][40] and of the polarization resistance [32,37,38,40] with time of exposure, indicating the formation of a protective iron oxide film. Although a protective passive film starts to form soon after exposure of steel to passivating solutions, the quality and stability of the film depends on the exposure duration and the chemical composition of the passivating solution.…”

Section: Passive Filmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Longer immersion times lead to higher polarization resistance [30,37,40]. While at pH [ 13, protective properties of the passive film are clearly observed after about 1d of immersion, at least 3-5 days are required for steel in saturated Ca(OH) 2 (pH * 12.5) [26,38,[40][41][42]. However, even for prolonged immersion, saturated Ca(OH) 2 solutions may not be representative for concrete pore solutions [40].…”

Section: Passive Filmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Structure of passive films Surface analysis has shown that the passive film formed on steel in alkaline solutions has a bi-layer structure [37,43,44] [34,37,38]. This change in Fe 3?…”

Section: Passive Filmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chloride-induced depassivation has been associated with a change of the oxidation state of the inner part of the passive film [26,44,47] leading to breakdown of the film. As a consequence, experiments that probe the resistance against chloride-induced corrosion should start only after a sufficiently long pre-passivation time that varies according to the pH of the electrolyte [26,38,40,41] (see above). As the onset of chloride-induced corrosion is a local phenomenon it is not yet established if a higher surfaceaveraged polarization resistance always corresponds to a higher resistance against pitting corrosion.…”

Section: Passive Filmmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The steel–concrete interface

et al. 2017

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Although the steel-concrete interface (SCI) is widely recognized to influence the durability of reinforced concrete, a systematic overview and detailed documentation of the various aspects of the SCI are lacking. In this paper, we compiled a comprehensive list of possible local characteristics at the SCI and reviewed available information regarding their properties as well as their occurrence in engineering structures and in the laboratory. Given the complexity of the SCI, we suggested a systematic approach to describe it in terms of local characteristics and their physical and chemical properties. It was found that the SCI exhibits significant spatial inhomogeneity along and around as well as perpendicular to the reinforcing steel. The SCI can differ strongly between different engineering structures and also between different members within a structure; particular differences are expected between structures built before and after the 1970/1980s. A single SCI representing all on-site conditions does not exist. Additionally, SCIs in common laboratory-made specimens exhibit significant differences compared to engineering structures. Thus, results from laboratory studies and from practical experience should be applied to engineering structures with caution. Finally, recommendations for further research are made. This report was prepared by the working group within RILEM TC 262-SCI, and further reviewed and approved by all members of the RILEM TC 262-SCI.

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Section: Passive Filmmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Passive Filmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Passive Filmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Structure of passive films Surface analysis has shown that the passive film formed on steel in alkaline solutions has a bi-layer structure [37,43,44] [34,37,38]. This change in Fe 3?…”

Section: Passive Filmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Passive Filmmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The steel–concrete interface

et al. 2017

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Application feasibility of HRB400 steel in seawater and marine sand concrete

Shang

2018

Materials & Corrosion

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Due to the shortage of fresh water and river sand in coastal areas, seawater, and marine sand sometimes must be used in the preparation of concrete for construction. Thus, the corrosion of steel rebar in seawater and marine sand concrete cannot be ignored. In this study, the feasibility of using HRB400 steel in seawater and marine sand concrete was determined based on steel rebar corrosion. Electrochemical methods were used to investigate the passivation and depassivation of HRB400 steel in curing and inservice concrete, respectively, and to determine conditions for forming a stable passive film and the critical chloride threshold for the steel depassivation. Our experimental results demonstrate that HRB400 steel cannot be directly applied in seawater concrete but may be used in marine sand concrete when the concentration of mixed-in chloride is no more than 0.05 M because low concentrations of mixed-in chloride had no effect on the properties of the passive film. K E Y W O R D S critical chloride threshold, HRB400 steel, passivation behavior, seawater and marine sand concrete 1478 |

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The roles carbonate and bicarbonate ions play on pre‐passive HRB400 rebars in simulated pore solutions of deteriorating concrete

Shang

Meng

et al. 2018

Materials & Corrosion

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To evaluate the corrosion behavior of HRB400 rebars during the aging process of concrete, corresponding simulated concrete pore solutions were proposed. Using electrochemical measurements and XPS analysis, the depassivation conditions, properties of the pre‐passive films, and rebars corrosion rate were discussed. The effects of carbonate and bicarbonate ions, pH and chloride on the corrosion behavior of pre‐passive HRB400 rebars were investigated. Results show that the influence of carbonate and bicarbonate ions on the pre‐passive HRB400 rebars is reversed before and after its depassivation: before depassivation, carbonate and bicarbonate ions are detrimental to the stability of passive film, but beneficial after depassivation.

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Electrochemical characterization of mild steel in alkaline solutions simulating concrete environment

Cited by 102 publications

References 30 publications

The steel–concrete interface

The steel–concrete interface

Application feasibility of HRB400 steel in seawater and marine sand concrete

The roles carbonate and bicarbonate ions play on pre‐passive HRB400 rebars in simulated pore solutions of deteriorating concrete

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