Electrochemical characteristics of nanoporous carbide-derived carbon materials in non-aqueous electrolyte solutions

Jänes, Alar; Permann, L.; Arulepp, Mati; Lust, Enn

doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2004.01.009

Cited by 164 publications

(304 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…In addition, the very high frequency semi-circle can also be caused by the artifacts of the measurement system as well as by formation of a passive layer, covering the (positively charged) aluminum current collector, which introduces so-called electrostatic capacitor in series with the two seriesconnected double layer capacitors. [28][29][30][31][32] In the initial SiC-CDC 1100 (untreated) EDLCs system, with very high microporosity, but without mesopores in the carbon particles, the mass transfer limited processes prevail at f = 1 mHz and there is no ideal capacitive behavior even at f = 1 mHz. 12 The specific series capacitance values, C m , calculated from the Z'',Z' plots at ac frequency f = 1 mHz are shown in Table III and Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Steam and Carbon Dioxide Co-Activated Silicon Carbide-Derived Carbons for High Power Density Electrical Double Layer Capacitors

Tee

Tallo

Thomberg

et al. 2018

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Different mico-mesoporous silicon carbide-derived carbons (SiC-CDC) were synthesized via gas phase chlorination at 1100 • C and thereafter activated at 900 • C and 1000 • C with H 2 O steam using Ar and CO 2 as the carrier gases. The physical characterization data show that these materials are mainly amorphous, the structure does not change remarkably during the activation process and the surface chemistry of the differently activated and treated materials remains the same and there are no functional groups at the SiC-CDC surface. N 2 , Ar and CO 2 sorption measurements indicate an increase in the specific surface area and pore size distribution with increasing the activation temperature, whereas the influence of the carrier gas during synthesis is minimal. Although the specific surface areas and pore size distributions differed, the electrochemical parameters in 1 M (C 2 H 5 ) 3 CH 3 NBF 4 acetonitrile solution for all SiC-CDC materials were similar -specific gravimetric capacitances 130 ± 18 F g −1 and volumetric capacitance 67 ± 14 F cm Activated carbon materials are widely studied for several energy storage applications. In electrical-double layer capacitors (EDLC) different carbon materials are used for preparing the hierarchically micromesoporous electrodes.1-6 The use of activated carbon electrodes in EDLC-s is taking advantages of its micro-mesoporous structure to reduce the electrode's electrical resistance and improve energy storage performance.1 Organic and waste materials are quite often being used to prepare cost-effective carbon materials, but carbide-derived carbons (CDC) have an unique nanoporous structure with a narrow pore size distribution, a possibility to fine-tune the pore size and volume and also they have high electric conductivity.1,6-9 These properties make the CDC materials especially promising for energy storage/power generation applications. 2,4,8 To improve the carbon materials specific surface area and average pore size they are often activated by gas phase or liquid phase activation. Since gas phase activation enables cleaner production it is more favorable than liquid phase chemical activation.9,10 Carbon dioxide and H 2 O steam are the most widespread activating agents due to the cost-efficiency and endothermic nature of their reactions which allows better process control. 1Previously we have shown that gas phase activation with CO 2 of silicon carbide-derived carbon (SiC-CDC) resulted in doubling of the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area and noticeable increase in pore size.12 Due to that the electrochemical parameters where significantly enhanced.12,13 Román et al. have reported that while CO 2 produces narrow micropores on the carbons and widens them as activation time is increased, steam yields pores of all the sizes from the early stages of the process and results in wider pore size distribution and more obvious development of macropores in the carbon materials.9,11 Steam activation has been widely used before for different activated carbons, but it is not m...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Steam and Carbon Dioxide Co-Activated Silicon Carbide-Derived Carbons for High Power Density Electrical Double Layer Capacitors

Tee

Tallo

Thomberg

et al. 2018

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…in the fields of electrochemistry, gas storage and catalysis [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. The pore size in these materials is highly influenced by the carbide precursor and reactive extraction temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High selectivity of TiC-CDC for CO2/N2 separation

Silvestre-Albero

Rico-Francés

Rodríguez‐Reinoso

et al. 2013

Carbon

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A series of carbide-derived carbons (CDC) have been prepared starting from TiC and using different chlorine treatment temperatures (500ºC-1200ºC). Contrary to N 2 adsorption measurements at -196ºC, CO 2 adsorption measurements at room temperature and high pressure (up to 1 MPa) together with immersion calorimetry measurements into dichloromethane suggest that the synthesized CDC exhibit a similar porous structure, in terms of narrow pore volume, independently of the temperature of the reactive extraction treatment used (samples synthesized below 1000ºC). Apparently, these carbide-derived carbons exhibit narrow constrictions were CO 2 adsorption under standard conditions (0ºC and atmospheric pressure) is kinetically restricted. The same accounts for a slightly larger molecule as N 2 at a lower adsorption temperature (-196ºC), i.e. textural parameters obtained from N 2 adsorption measurements on CDC 2 must be underestimated. Furthermore, here we show experimentally that nitrogen exhibits an unusual behavior, poor affinity, on these carbide-derived carbons. CH 4 with a slightly larger diameter (0.39 nm) is able to partially access the inner porous structure whereas N 2 , with a slightly smaller diameter (0.36 nm), does not. Consequently, these CDC can be envisaged as excellent sorbent for selective CO 2 capture in flue-gas streams.

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“…15-35%), and it was demonstrated by the electrochemical impedance data analysis that irreversible adsorption of I − anions at GDC electrode takes place decreasing the power density and increasing the characteristic time constant values compared with EDLC based on EMImBF 4 . 33 For more detailed electrochemical decomposition process analysis taking place in EMImI + EMImBF 4 mixture at electrochemically more active C(Mo 2 C) [7][8][9][10][11]32,33 surface, the electrochemical and chemical information have been collected by combined cyclic voltammetry (CV) and in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurement methods, conducted in the high vacuum conditions. The three-electrode system has been used for all experiments for more detailed establishment of the electrochemical oxidation and reduction processes, thus the formation of intermediates and final products.…”

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confidence: 99%

Influence of Iodide Ions Concentration on the Stability of 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate | Molybdenum Carbide Derived Carbon Electrode Interface

Kruusma

Tõnisoo

Pärna

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Influence of the iodide ions adsorption on the in situ measured X-ray photoelectron spectra of C 1s, N 1s, B 1s, F 1s and I 3d photoelectrons, indicating the changes in the chemical composition taking place at the carbon (C) | 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMImBF 4 ) + 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide mixed ionic liquids interface, has been studied. Simultaneously, the stability of the formed C electrode | ionic liquid interface has been analyzed electrochemically. Electroreduction of the BF 4 − anion seems to start at less negative potential than the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMIm + ) cation. Addition of the I − ions to the EMImBF 4 initiates the electrochemical processes at C electrode at lower negative or positive potentials. However, intensity of the electrochemical reduction of EMIm + cation was suppressed. The experiments, performed in the vacuum conditions, indicated that slow faradaic oxidation processes started already at E ≥ 1.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl in EMImBF 4 ). Our investigations clearly show that the formed passivating layer at the carbon electrode is unstable and decomposes slowly producing gaseous products. Based on the analysis of results collected the electrode materials for electrochemical double layer capacitors should be tested in the vacuum conditions in order to detect the early start of very slow faradaic processes producing gaseous products. Electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs) are one of the electric charge storage systems. Very high specific capacitance values (from 75 to 175 F g −1 for aqueous and from 40 to 100 F g −1 for nonaqueous electrolytes based commercial EDLC cells, 1-3 and 100 -150 F g −1 for micro-mesoporous carbon electrodes or nonaqueous electrolytes and ionic liquid based EDLC cells 4-10 ) have been measured. These devices are also called as "supercapacitors" 1-3,11-17 and used as short term high electric power density systems or as filtering or stabilizing elements in the electric circuits.12,14 It should be noted that the EDLCs are composed of various electrode materials and electrolyte solutions (ionic liquids and non-aqueous solutions are often used [14][15][16][17] ). The power density of an EDLC depends on the mobility of the electrolyte ions (on the electric conductivity of a system 13,14 ) and the specific capacitance depends on the total gravimetric area of the electrode. To expand the specific capacitance of an EDLC the electrochemically active area and/or the applicable cell potential should be increased, because the energy and power densities are root functions of the cell potential.1-17 However, the value of the maximum achievable electrochemically active specific area is limited by the optimal pore diameter determined by the size of the dissolved electrolyte ions (solvated or partially desolvated 8 ) and the solvent molecules dimensions. Thus, the expansion of the applicable cell potential seems to be the only solution for the significant expansion of the EDLCs specific energy (measured in Wh kg −1 ) and specific power (measured i...

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Electrochemical characteristics of nanoporous carbide-derived carbon materials in non-aqueous electrolyte solutions

Cited by 164 publications

References 16 publications

Steam and Carbon Dioxide Co-Activated Silicon Carbide-Derived Carbons for High Power Density Electrical Double Layer Capacitors

Steam and Carbon Dioxide Co-Activated Silicon Carbide-Derived Carbons for High Power Density Electrical Double Layer Capacitors

High selectivity of TiC-CDC for CO2/N2 separation

Influence of Iodide Ions Concentration on the Stability of 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate | Molybdenum Carbide Derived Carbon Electrode Interface

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