Electrochemical Biosensors for Determination of Organophosphorus Compounds: Review

Gahlaut, Anjum; Gothwal, Ashish; Chhillar, Anil Kumar; Hooda, Vikas

doi:10.4236/ojab.2012.11001

Cited by 26 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 72 publications

(44 reference statements)

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“…For the strong potency to degrade the toxic insecticides, exogenous purified PTEs exert protective effects against OPs poisoning and can be used as prophylactics and antidotes in the therapeutic treatment of OPs intoxication [164-166]. Besides, these decomposing enzymes exhibit promising applications in other biotechnology fields: bioremediation of wasted materials, biodegradation of insecticide residues, detoxifying warfare arsenals, development of biosensors for OPs [167, 168]. …”

Section: Detoxification Of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: Pharmacology and Toxicology

et al. 2013

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Acetylcholinesterase is involved in the termination of impulse transmission by rapid hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in numerous cholinergic pathways in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The enzyme inactivation, induced by various inhibitors, leads to acetylcholine accumulation, hyperstimulation of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors, and disrupted neurotransmission. Hence, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, interacting with the enzyme as their primary target, are applied as relevant drugs and toxins. This review presents an overview of toxicology and pharmacology of reversible and irreversible acetylcholinesterase inactivating compounds. In the case of reversible inhibitors being commonly applied in neurodegenerative disorders treatment, special attention is paid to currently approved drugs (donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine) in the pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer’s disease, and toxic carbamates used as pesticides. Subsequently, mechanism of irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibition induced by organophosphorus compounds (insecticides and nerve agents), and their specific and nonspecific toxic effects are described, as well as irreversible inhibitors having pharmacological implementation. In addition, the pharmacological treatment of intoxication caused by organophosphates is presented, with emphasis on oxime reactivators of the inhibited enzyme activity administering as causal drugs after the poisoning. Besides, organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides can be detoxified in mammals through enzymatic hydrolysis before they reach targets in the nervous system. Carboxylesterases most effectively decompose carbamates, whereas the most successful route of organophosphates detoxification is their degradation by corresponding phosphotriesterases.

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Section: Detoxification Of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: Pharmacology and Toxicology

et al. 2013

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“…The most relevant ones are acetylcholinesterase, organophosphosphate hydrolase, tyrosinase, butyrylcholinesterase, alkaline or acid phosphatases and aldehyde dehydrogenases [68]. Two enzymes namely, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and organophosphate hydrolase (OPH) have been extensively used for detecting pesticides [69,70]. In general, the catalytic activities of these enzymes generate hydrogen ion donors that bring about changes in the conductivity of the medium (Fig.…”

Section: Silica Nanoparticles Conjugated To Enzymesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Silica nanoparticle based techniques for extraction, detection, and degradation of pesticides

Bapat

Labade

Chaudhari

et al. 2016

Advances in Colloid and Interface Science

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“…In the late 1990s, there are outstanding electrochemistry papers concerning with organophosphorus hydrolase. [41][42][43] Also, some studies involve the use of phthalocyanines. Thus, this section involves structurally positioned redox active metal ions that do not directly bind with OPs donor atoms.…”

Section: Electrochemicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectroscopic Methods for the Detection of Organophosphate Pesticides – A Preview

Kumar¹,

Upadhay²,

Wasit³

et al. 2013

Curr World Environ

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Organophosphate pesticides are the ester forms of phosphoric acid usually considered as secure for agriculture uses due to their relatively fast degradation rates. Organophosphorus pesticides have been extensively used in the area of agriculture to manage insect or pests of a number of economically important crops. Organophosphate pesticides are well-known as the inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase activity, not in insects only, but can also affect the nervous system of other organisms as well as humans. Organophosphorus pesticides are not restricted to anticholinesterase action, but comprise genotoxicity and teratogenicity including other environmental and ecological adverse impact. Such severe health and ecological consequences signify a requirement for a better understanding of the fate of organophosphates in the environment. By kept all these things in mind we have written a review on organophosphorus pesticides. In this review we have previewed the different methods of spectroscopic methods of detection including UV-visible, X-ray, Mass analysis, NMR, electrochemical analysis (sensor based) and FTIR. Among all these mass and electrochemical studies were flourished till date and considered as advanced techniques for the analysis of other pesticides also.

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Electrochemical Biosensors for Determination of Organophosphorus Compounds: Review

Cited by 26 publications

References 72 publications

Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: Pharmacology and Toxicology

Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: Pharmacology and Toxicology

Silica nanoparticle based techniques for extraction, detection, and degradation of pesticides

Spectroscopic Methods for the Detection of Organophosphate Pesticides – A Preview

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