Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Carbon Nanomaterials for Diagnosis of Human Respiratory Diseases

Abstract

In recent years, respiratory diseases have increasingly become a global concern, largely due to the outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). This inevitably causes great attention to be given to the development of highly efficient and minimal or non-invasive methods for the diagnosis of respiratory diseases. And electrochemical biosensors based on carbon nanomaterials show great potential in fulfilling the requirement, not only because of the superior performance of electrochemical analysis, but also given the excellent properties of the carbon nanomaterials. In this paper, we review the most recent advances in research, development and applications of electrochemical biosensors based on the use of carbon nanomaterials for diagnosis of human respiratory diseases in the last 10 years. We first briefly introduce the characteristics of several common human respiratory diseases, including influenza, COVID-19, pulmonary fibrosis, tuberculosis and lung cancer. Then, we describe the working principles and fabrication of various electrochemical biosensors based on carbon nanomaterials used for diagnosis of these respiratory diseases. Finally, we summarize the advantages, challenges, and future perspectives for the currently available electrochemical biosensors based on carbon nanomaterials for detecting human respiratory diseases.

An overview of electrochemical biosensors used for COVID-19 detection

“…These advancements not only hold promise for enhanced diagnostic capabilities but also signify a signicant step towards improved public health measures and a more comprehensive understanding of the virus's behavior and its impact on human immunity. 39,47,[71][72][73][74] 1.1.4 MIP-based electrochemical biosensors in SARS-CoV-2 detection. Most of the developed diagnostic tools are based on biological recognition elements, i.e.…”

“…These advancements not only hold promise for enhanced diagnostic capabilities but also signify a significant step towards improved public health measures and a more comprehensive understanding of the virus's behavior and its impact on human immunity. 39,47,71–74…”