Electrochemical (Bio)Sensing of Maple Syrup Urine Disease Biomarkers Pointing to Early Diagnosis: A Review

Abstract

Metabolic errors are inherited diseases, where genetic defects prevent a metabolic path, ending up in enzyme malfunction. In correspondence to its remaining or plenitude fall of enzymatic potency, there is an amassment of dangerous metabolites near the metabolic bar and/or a dearth of necessary products, inducing a certain disease. These metabolic errors may include deviations such as point mutations, expunctions or interferences, or further complicated genomic disorders. Based on these facts, maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is a scarce metabolic disease, generated by huge concentrations of branched-chain amino acids (b AAs), i.e., leucine, isoleucine, and valine. In this situation, these large amounts of b AAs provoke abnormalities such as liver failure, neurocognitive dysfunctions, and probably death. To overpass those problems, it is crucial to implement a timely and agile diagnosis at the early stages of life in view of their immutable consequence on neonates. Thus, this review will describe MSUD and b AAs analysis based on electrochemical (bio)sensing.

Development of an Electrochemical Sensor Using a Modified Carbon Paste Electrode with Silver Nanoparticles Capped with Saffron for Monitoring Mephedrone

“…Due to the novel physicochemical characteristics of AgNPs, alongside their immense electrical and thermal conductivity, they have been used in microelectronics and medical imaging. They offer a larger surface area, higher conductivity, and accelerated electron transfer [12][13][14][15][16]. To improve sensitivity and selectivity, electrodes are often modified with carbonbased nanomaterials such as multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) or metal nanoparticles (NPs), for example, AuNPs, PtNPs, and AgNPs [11][12][13].…”

“…Due to the novel physicochemical characteristics of AgNPs, alongside their immense electrical and thermal conductivity, they have been used in microelectronics and medical imaging. They offer a larger surface area, higher conductivity, and accelerated electron transfer [12][13][14][15][16].…”

Applications of Non‐precious Transition Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Electrochemistry

“…Nonetheless, increasing the overvoltage for the electrooxidation of the materials on the conventional bare electrodes frequently leads to fouling on the sensing interface because of the absorption of the oxidation product of the materials at the electrodes' surface, resulting in lower sensitivity and selectivity and poorer reproducibility. Thus, for decreasing the overpotential of the electrooxidation of materials, the modified electrodes are employed with the wider linear ranges and lower limit of detections (LODs) [148][149][150]. On the other hand, TMOs have been considered to be functional materials with sophisticated utilizations in several fields due to the respective electrical, magnetic, and optical features, hardness, chemical resistance as well as thermal stability.…”