Electrochemical behavior of ruthenium (III), rhodium (III) and palladium (II) in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid

Jayakumar, M.; Venkatesan, K. A.; Srinivasan, T. G.; Rao, P. R. Vasudeva

doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2009.06.043

Cited by 53 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Similar time invariant deposition behavior has been reported in the literature for zinc deposition onto a platinum substrate from a choline chloride and ethylene glycol based electrolyte as well as deposition of Ru, Rh, and Pd onto a stainless steel substrate from a 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride IL. 41,42 It has been proposed that the cations present within the double layer effect the nucleation mechanism as well as the halides, and thus it is important to determine speciation. Since the redox active ions present in solution affect the charge transfer mechanisms, this gives an indication that different species are present at different chloride concentrations.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron Electrodeposition in a Deep Eutectic Solvent for Flow Batteries

Miller

Wainright

Savinell

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Iron chloride in a deep eutectic solvent containing high concentrations of iron with choline chloride and ethylene glycol have been synthesized. It was found that physical properties of the electrolytes, as well as the nature of the electroplated iron are greatly influenced by electrolyte composition. This is not surprising in that electrochemical reactivity of the solute ions as well as the physical properties of the electrolyte are controlled by speciation of the metals in solution. When the chloride to iron ratio is ≥4:1, complexes such as [FeCl 4 ] − and [FeCl 4 ] 2− were shown to be the dominant species using X-ray absorption near edge structure measurements coupled with Raman spectroscopy. However, when the chloride to iron ratio falls below 4:1, the ethylene glycol was found to complex the iron; the presence of this complex hinders fluid properties as shown by an order of magnitude decrease in solution conductivity as well as alter the iron deposition mechanism. © The Author(s) 2017. Flow batteries present a potentially low cost energy storage solution that is flexible in design due to external storage of the electrolyte. They offer reversible energy storage along with the load-leveling capabilities needed to facilitating implementation of renewable energy sources. Unlike conventional batteries, dissolved reactive species are stored in tanks and flowed through an electrolytic stack, where the electrochemical reactions occur, allowing for scalability. Redox flow batteries (RFBs) employ a redox chemistry at both electrodes; examples include the all-vanadium, 1 iron-chrome, 2,3 or a metal-free system utilizing quinones. 4 There are also several hybrid configurations, such as the all-iron, 5 all-copper, 6 and zinc halide 7 system which involve metal deposition/dissolution at one electrode. With the hybrid configurations, the storage capacity is related to the amount of metal that can be stored within the stack. The reactions for the all-iron chemistry are shown by Equations 1 and 2 where iron metal is deposited at the negative electrode upon charge. The all-iron chemistry represents a cost effective and environmentally friendly RFB chemistry and was thus chosen for this study.Positive Electrode: FeAqueous based flow battery systems have been widely studied, [8][9][10] however there is a growing interest in non-aqueous electrolytes with larger electrochemical windows (1.5−5.0 V 11 ) as a means to increase power density. Unfortunately, organic solvents have safety hazards associated with them due to their volatile and flammable nature and contamination by trace amounts of moisture or oxygen can have detrimental effects on battery performance. 12 The solubility of active species in these types of electrolytes are often very low, limiting the energy storage capacity. 13,14 Ionic liquids (IL) offer a different approach to increase energy and power densities of current non-aqueous redox flow battery (RFB) technologies. They possess wide electrochemical windows similar to organic solvents but with the advantages o...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron Electrodeposition in a Deep Eutectic Solvent for Flow Batteries

Miller

Wainright

Savinell

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…In contrast to increasing Ru concentration and current density the current efficiency decreases. 40,[56][57][58] Due to its corrosion resistance Ti is particularly interesting as support material for Ru coatings. Parallel to the work of Reddy and Taimsalu, Bradford, Cleare and Middleton 52 also performed experiments on Ru electroplating using the same Ru complex.…”

Section: View Article Onlinementioning

confidence: 99%

Galvanic deposition of Rh and Ru on randomly structured Ti felts for the electrochemical NH₃synthesis

Kugler

Luhn

Schramm

et al. 2015

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

134

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Nowadays NH3 is exclusively synthesized by the Haber process. Unfortunately, the energy demand and the CO2 emissions due to H2 production are high. Hydrogen production utilizes precious carbon sources such as coal and natural gas. In the past we proposed an alternative process concept using a membrane electrode assembly in an electrochemical membrane reactor (ecMR). At the anode H2O is oxidized at an IrMMO catalyst to form protons. By applying an external potential to the ecMR N2 is reduced to NH3 at the cathode. Just recently Rh and Ru were identified as possible cathodic electrocatalysts by DFT calculations. We present an easy and highly efficient method for galvanic coatings of Rh and Ru on randomly structured Ti felts to be used in a membrane electrode assembly. Linear sweep voltammetry measurements give a slightly higher activity of Ru for the liquid phase electrochemical NH3 synthesis. The NH4(+) concentration reached is 8 times higher for Ru than for Rh. From an economical point of view, Ru is also more feasible for an electrochemical NH3 synthesis process. Such electrodes can now be evaluated in an ecMR in comparison to recently demonstrated Ti-based electrodes.

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“…A range of binary Pd alloys such as Pd-In, Pd-Sn, Pd-Cu, Pd-Au and Pd-Ag have been studied in 1-ethyl-3-methylimmidazolium chloride-tetrafluoroborate ([Emim][Cl-BF 4 ]) [15][16][17][18][19]. Jayakumar, et al, studied the feasibility of electrochemical reduction of Pd, Rh, and Ru in [Bmim][Cl] [20]. It was found that Pd and Rh could be individually electrodeposited from [Bmim][Cl] but, Ru could be electrodeposited in the presence of Pd only.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Palladium electrodeposition in 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium dicyanamide ionic liquid

Shrestha

Biddinger

2015

Electrochimica Acta

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Electrochemical behavior of ruthenium (III), rhodium (III) and palladium (II) in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid

Cited by 53 publications

References 22 publications

Iron Electrodeposition in a Deep Eutectic Solvent for Flow Batteries

Iron Electrodeposition in a Deep Eutectic Solvent for Flow Batteries

Galvanic deposition of Rh and Ru on randomly structured Ti felts for the electrochemical NH₃synthesis

Palladium electrodeposition in 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium dicyanamide ionic liquid

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Electrochemical behavior of ruthenium (III), rhodium (III) and palladium (II) in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid

Cited by 53 publications

References 22 publications

Iron Electrodeposition in a Deep Eutectic Solvent for Flow Batteries

Iron Electrodeposition in a Deep Eutectic Solvent for Flow Batteries

Galvanic deposition of Rh and Ru on randomly structured Ti felts for the electrochemical NH3synthesis

Palladium electrodeposition in 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium dicyanamide ionic liquid

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Galvanic deposition of Rh and Ru on randomly structured Ti felts for the electrochemical NH₃synthesis