Electrochemical behavior of plasma-fluorinated graphite for lithium ion batteries

Nakajima, Tsuyoshi; Gupta, Vinay; Ohzawa, Yoshimi; Koh, Meiten; Singh, R.N.; Tressaud, A.; Durand, Etienne

doi:10.1016/s0378-7753(01)00895-3

Cited by 86 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The profile and peak A similar observation has been reported in plasma-fluorinated graphite. 27 X-ray diffraction patterns of electrochemically fluorinated graphite was found to be very similar to that of the virgin X-ray diffractograms.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…Magnesium ion intercalation and deintercalation would mainly occur through edge plane of graphite as in lithium ion. 27 It is also possible for magnesium ion to pass through the cracks which can be formed on the basal plane by electrochemical fluorination. Oxygen species such as hydroxyl, carbonyl and carboxyl groups would be mainly bonded to carbon atoms at the edge plane of graphite and in some parts, the external surface may be capped by C-C bonds in the similar manner than those found for carbon nanotubes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Green Fluorination of Natural Graphite and its Application in Rechargeable Magnesium Ion Transfer Battery

Rani

Rushi

Kanakaiah

et al. 2011

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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For the first time, natural graphite is successfully fluorinated electrochemically using triethylamine tri(hydrofluoride) (C 2 H 5 ) 3 N.3HF adduct. The nature of the C-F bond formed in graphite fluoride is deduced from FT-IR, Raman and XPS spectroscopy. Electrochemical discharge of the semi-ionic fluorinated graphite as cathode in magnesium cell is investigated and the discharge capacity of the C-F electrode is found to be 548 mAh/g. Graphite-fluorine cathode prepared by this procedure showed rechargeable nature in combination with magnesium anode. Fluorine based materials have a prominent place in energy storage and conversion systems. Its use stems from the intrinsic stability and ability to generate high electrochemical energy as electrodes. These attributes are direct result of the extraordinary electro negativity of fluorine and exceptionally high free energy of formation of fluorides.The surface modification or fluorination of graphite 1-3 has been assumed to yield important electrode modifications by Tressaud et al.,4 i.e., Surface oxygen is reduced to some extent. The surface area of the electrode material is increased, with a subsequent increase of metal-ion intercalation and/or adsorption in the electrode. This latter property may be due to two factors: (i) an increase in the structural disorder caused by fluorination which probably diminishes the length of the graphitic domains and induces the formation of surface nanopores in which excess metal can be accommodated.Graphite fluorides have been studied as cathode materials in lithium 5-8 or aluminum batteries 9 Nakajima et al. 10 had shown that a low fluorination of graphite can improve the capacitance of C-F in Li battery system during the insertion into the resulting materials in comparison with graphite. As a matter of fact the treated graphite samples, which contain small amounts of fluorine (0.5-3.7 atom %), exhibit discharge capacities of about 380 mAh/g. Giraudet et al. 11 had reported the preparation method of semi-ionic graphite fluoride material and used in lithium battery system, which showed a capacitance value of 530 mAh/g. Rechargeable metal-ion batteries are well adapted for portable electronic devices, research in this field mostly concerns lithium intercalation batteries. These batteries have two major limitations, cost of the battery and their environmental impact. Magnesium is an appropriate alternative for lithium, because it is less harmful and naturally more abundant than lithium.Preliminary work on Mg/graphite fluoride system 12 showed that graphite fluorides could be an interesting cathode for magnesium ion-transfer batteries, 13-17 the graphite fluoride used was prepared from iodine fluoride, hydrogen fluoride and fluorine gas. The nature of C-F bond in the graphite fluoride prepared by this method was covalent. One of reasons for poor efficiency of the system was difficult diffusion of Mg 2þ into the graphite fluoride material due to hindering of the IF z species in the material.Fluorine-graphite intercalation compounds...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 54%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Fluorination of Natural Graphite and its Application in Rechargeable Magnesium Ion Transfer Battery

Rani

Rushi

Kanakaiah

et al. 2011

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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show abstract

“…[ 19 ] It is known that fl uorinated graphite (denoted as F-graphite) possesses a very high fl uorine content of 50 at%. [ 25,26 ] Moreover, the theoretical capacity of F-graphite is much higher than that of graphite, owing to the combined lithium storage mechanisms of fl uorine and carbon with Li ions, i.e., (C x F) n + nLi + + ne − →xnC+nLiF and C 6 +xLi + + xe − →Li x C. [27][28][29][30][31] Given that fl uorinated grpahene (denoted as F-graphene) nanosheets can be produced, [ 32,33 ] they are expected to be a promising anode material for lithium storage due to their high fl uorine content and favorable diffusion kinetics of lithium ions.…”

Section: Doi: 101002/admi201300149mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of Fully Fluorinated Graphene Nanosheets Towards High‐Performance Lithium Storage

Zhan

Yang

Wang

et al. 2014

Adv Materials Inter

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“…[20][21][22][23]. However, fluorinated carbon materials have been investigated less frequently as supercapacitor electrodes than as electrodes for other batteries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface-Fluorinated Carbon Materials for Supercapacitor

Lee

2015

Advanced Fluoride-Based Materials for Energy Conversion

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Electrochemical behavior of plasma-fluorinated graphite for lithium ion batteries

Cited by 86 publications

References 16 publications

Green Fluorination of Natural Graphite and its Application in Rechargeable Magnesium Ion Transfer Battery

Green Fluorination of Natural Graphite and its Application in Rechargeable Magnesium Ion Transfer Battery

Fabrication of Fully Fluorinated Graphene Nanosheets Towards High‐Performance Lithium Storage

Surface-Fluorinated Carbon Materials for Supercapacitor

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