Electrochemical Behavior and Determination of Ketoconazole from Pharmaceutical Preparations

Shamsipur, Mojtaba; Farhadi, Khalil

doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-4109(20000401)12:6<429::aid-elan429>3.0.co;2-r

Cited by 27 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…[9][10][11][12] In this work, we initially studied the reaction between clotrimazole (CT) (a drug containing an imidazole ring) and triiodide ions. We found that the protonated clotrimazole (CTH + ) is precipitated in the presence of excess I3 -ions as a (CTH)I3 ion pair.…”

Section: 8mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7,8 We recently studied the electrochemical behavior and some chemical properties of various antifungal drugs containing piperazine or imidazole groups such as, ketoconazole in aqueous and non-aqueous media. [9][10][11][12] In this work, we initially studied the reaction between clotrimazole (CT) (a drug containing an imidazole ring) and triiodide ions. We found that the protonated clotrimazole (CTH + ) is precipitated in the presence of excess I3 -ions as a (CTH)I3 ion pair.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Clotrimazole-Triiodide Ion Association as an Ion Exchanger for a Triiodide Ion-Selective Electrode

Farhadi

Maleki

2002

ANAL. SCI.

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There has been continuing growth in the number of PVC membrane electrodes that have been prepared for a variety of substances. These electrodes can be prepared by incorporating any of the many ion-exchanger or neutral-sequestering agents within a plasticized PVC matrix, and used as very useful tools for clinical, chemical and environmental analysis. 1 and Schiff-base complexes 6 have been reported as possessing improved characteristics in selectivity. Despite an urgent need for a triiodide-selective sensor for a direct determination of iodine or an indirect determination of some important specific oxidizing substances in many industrial, medical and environmental samples, there has been limited reports on a triiodide ion-selective electrode in the literature. 7,8We recently studied the electrochemical behavior and some chemical properties of various antifungal drugs containing piperazine or imidazole groups such as, ketoconazole in aqueous and non-aqueous media. [9][10][11][12] In this work, we initially studied the reaction between clotrimazole (CT) (a drug containing an imidazole ring) and triiodide ions. We found that the protonated clotrimazole (CTH + ) is precipitated in the presence of excess I3 -ions as a (CTH)I3 ion pair. Since the obtained ion pair is very stable and insoluble in aqueous solutions, we therefore employed this ion pair to prepare a new solvent polymeric membrane sensor for selective monitoring of the I3 -ion. Applications of the proposed membrane electrode as an indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration of triiodide ions in solutions and in the indirect potentiometric determination of CT from pharmaceutical preparations were investigated. Experimental Reagents and chemicalsReagent-grade benzyl acetate (BA), 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE), nitrobenzene (NB), acetophenone (AP), bis(2-ethyl hexyl) sebacate (DOS), tetrahydrofuran (THF), chloroform and high relative molecular-weight PVC were purchased from Aldrich and used as received. Reagent-grade CT, oleic acid (OA), tetraphenyl phosphonium chloride (TPPC), iodine and all of the anionic salts used (all from Merck) were of the highest purity available, and were used without any further purification. Aqueous solutions were prepared by dissolving the appropriate salt or diluting standard solutions as specified in doubly distilled water. ApparatusA WTW multilab 540 Ionalyzer (Germany) pH/mV meter was used for the potential and pH measurements at 25.0 ± 0.1˚C. The cell used was of the type Ag/AgCl, KCl (3 M) | internal solution KI3 (0.01 M) | PVC membrane | test solution | Ag/AgCl, KCl (3 M). The activities of anions were calculated using the Debye-Hückel procedure. 13 An LKB Model 4054 UV-Vis recording spectrophotometer with 10 mm quartz cells was used for absorbance measurements. Preparation of ion-exchanger (CTH)I3To a 10 ml aliquot of a 0.01 M aqueous CT solution containing a few drops of HCl (1 M) was slowly added a triiodide solution (0.01 M) with continuous stirring until precipitation was completed. The resulting brown ion-pa...

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Section: 8mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clotrimazole-Triiodide Ion Association as an Ion Exchanger for a Triiodide Ion-Selective Electrode

Farhadi

Maleki

2002

ANAL. SCI.

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“…The primary mechanism of action of KC and azoles, in general, is the inhibition of sterol 14-a-dimethylase, a microsomal cytochrome P-450 dependent enzyme system. 5 Thus, due to the vital importance of determination of this drug in pharmaceutical preparations and biological fluids, several spectroscopic, [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] high performance liquid chromatographic, 14-18 electrochemical [19][20][21][22][23] and titrimetric 24 methods for the assay of KC have been reported in the literature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have recently studied the electrooxidation of KC in aqueous and non-aqueous media. [20][21][22] Based on the electrochemical results obtained, in the following step, we investigated the chemical oxidation of KC in solution and developed a new spectrophotometric method for the determination of KC based on the oxidation with Iron(III) in acidic citrate buffer solutions. 25 The present work represents the first attempt in the kinetic study of the reaction between KC and potassium permanganate in alkaline solutions in order to de-velop a kinetic-spectrophotometric method for the determination of KC.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Separation and Kinetic‐Spectrophotometric Determination of Ketoconazole from Formulations Using SDS‐Coated Al₂O₃and KMnO₄ in Alkaline‐SDS Micellar Medium

Farhadi

Bonab

2004

J Chinese Chemical Soc

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A kinetic method for the accurate and sensitive determination of Ketoconazole (KC) has been described. The method is based on the alkaline oxidation of KC with KMnO4 in micellar SDS medium. At a fixed time of 8 min, the formed manganate ion is spectrophotometrically measured at 610 nm. The determination of KC by the fixed‐concentration and rate constant methods is feasible with the calibration equation obtained, but the fixed time method proves to be more applicable. The proposed method was successfully used for the quantitative determination of KC in formulations after the complete separation of KC using SDS‐coated Al2O3 as a suitable solid‐phase extraction system in comparison to liquid‐liquid extraction using poisonous organic solvents. Beer's law was obeyed from 0.4 to 28 μg mL−1 and the RSD% values for tablet, cream and shampoo samples were 1.8, 1.4 and 2.3, respectively. The results obtained agreed with those obtained by the USP method.

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“…Recently, Shamsipur et al [16] developed a triiodide PVC membrane sensor based on a charge-transfer complex of I 2 with 2,4,6,8-tetraazabicyclo [3.3.0] octane and used it as an indicator electrode in potentiometric titration of triiodide ions. We have recently studied the electrochemical behavior and some chemical reactions of ketoconazole (KC) (an antifungal drug) in aqueous and non-aqueous media [17,18]. Also, we have found that the protonated KC (as dication) is precipitated in the presence of I À 3 ions as (KCH 2 )(I 3 ) 2 ion pair.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Triiodide Ion-Selective Polymeric Membrane Electrode Based on a Ketoconazole-Triiodide Ion Pair

2002

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A new triiodide ion‐selective PVC membrane sensor based on diprotonated ketoconazole‐triiodide, as (KCH2)(I3)2, ion pair, was proposed. The electrode has a linear dynamic range between 2.0×10−3 and 7.0×10−6 M with a Nernstian slope of −59.9±1.6 mV per decade and a detection limit of 3.0×10−6 M. The potentiometric response is independent of the pH of the solution in the pH range 2–8.5. The electrode can be used for at least 3 months without any considerable divergence in potential. It was applied as indicator electrode in potentiometric titration of ascorbic acid, hydroquinone from pharmaceutical preparations and triiodide ions in solution. The proposed triiodide membrane sensor was also used in development of a new, simple, fast, inexpensive and precise method for the determination of Ketoconazole in formulations.

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Electrochemical Behavior and Determination of Ketoconazole from Pharmaceutical Preparations

Cited by 27 publications

References 17 publications

Clotrimazole-Triiodide Ion Association as an Ion Exchanger for a Triiodide Ion-Selective Electrode

Clotrimazole-Triiodide Ion Association as an Ion Exchanger for a Triiodide Ion-Selective Electrode

Separation and Kinetic‐Spectrophotometric Determination of Ketoconazole from Formulations Using SDS‐Coated Al₂O₃and KMnO₄ in Alkaline‐SDS Micellar Medium

Triiodide Ion-Selective Polymeric Membrane Electrode Based on a Ketoconazole-Triiodide Ion Pair

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Electrochemical Behavior and Determination of Ketoconazole from Pharmaceutical Preparations

Cited by 27 publications

References 17 publications

Clotrimazole-Triiodide Ion Association as an Ion Exchanger for a Triiodide Ion-Selective Electrode

Clotrimazole-Triiodide Ion Association as an Ion Exchanger for a Triiodide Ion-Selective Electrode

Separation and Kinetic‐Spectrophotometric Determination of Ketoconazole from Formulations Using SDS‐Coated Al2O3and KMnO4 in Alkaline‐SDS Micellar Medium

Triiodide Ion-Selective Polymeric Membrane Electrode Based on a Ketoconazole-Triiodide Ion Pair

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Separation and Kinetic‐Spectrophotometric Determination of Ketoconazole from Formulations Using SDS‐Coated Al₂O₃and KMnO₄ in Alkaline‐SDS Micellar Medium