Electrochemical approaches based on micro- and nanomaterials for diagnosing oxidative stress

Abstract

This review article comprehensively discusses the various electrochemical approaches for measuring and detecting oxidative stress biomarkers and enzymes, particularly reactive oxygen/ nitrogen species, highly reactive chemical molecules, which are the byproducts of normal aerobic metabolism and can oxidize cellular components such as DNA, lipids, and proteins. First, we address the latest research on the electrochemical determination of reactive oxygen species generating enzymes, followed by detection of oxidative stress biomarkers, and final determination of total antioxidant activity (endogenous and exogenous). Most electrochemical sensing platforms exploited the unique properties of micro and nanomaterials such as carbon nanomaterials, metal or metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), conductive polymers and metal-nano compounds, which have been mainly used for enhancing the electrocatalytic response of sensors/biosensors. The performance of the electroanalytical device commonly measured by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in terms of detection limit, sensitivity, and linear range of detection was also discussed. This article provides a comprehensive review of electrode fabrication, characterization and evaluation of their performances, which are assisting to design and manufacture an appropriate electrochemical (bio)sensor for medical and clinical applications. The key points such as accessibility, affordability, rapidity, low cost, and high sensitivity of the electrochemical sensing devices were also highlighted for the diagnosis of oxidative stress. Overall, this review brings a timely discussion on past and current approaches for developing electrochemical sensors and biosensors mainly based on micro and nanomaterials for the diagnosis of oxidative stress.

Antioxidant Capacity Assays. Chemical and Cellular-based Methods

“…Three reviews regarding electrochemical nanosensors for the analysis of antioxidants [84,85] and diagnosing oxidative stress [86] were published recently.…”

A graphene oxide/polyaniline nanocomposite biosensor: synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical detection of bilirubin

“…[8][9][10][11] Advanced instrumentation with a high precision, fast response, low-cost, and ease of operation is required for studying the biological and characteristic importance of free bilirubin. [12][13][14] Spectroscopic measurements using a diazo reaction is the most commonly utilized free-bilirubin quantication method but requires the pretreatment of samples and long reaction times. [15][16][17][18][19] The uorescence analysis method is selective and highly sensitive toward the free type, [20][21][22][23] but huge and expensive spectral tools and trained operators are needed.…”