Electrocataytic oxidation of D-glucose in neutral media with electrodes catalyzed by 4,4',4'', 4'''-tetrasulfophthalocyanine

Miniature biofuel cells

“…17 The need that was to be met by the early cells was nothing less than the powering an artificial heart. [18][19][20][21][22][23] When it was realized that the power density and operational life requirements of an artificial heart would not be met, the effort was re-oriented at implantable cells for other medical applications. [24][25][26][27][28][29][30] In these the glucose/O 2 biofuel cell could not compete in cardiac pacemakers with the Li/iodide battery, 10 because its operational life was much shorter.…”

Abiotic (Nonenzymatic) Implantable Biofuel Cells

“…Besides noble metals, metal chelates such as Mo-O 2 -4,4 ′ ,4 ′′ ,4 ′′′ -tetrasulfophthalocyanine-Ca 2+ have also been used as anode catalyst and have shown remarkably high current densities of up to 1 mA m −2 with practically no electrode polarization [42]. Recently, it was also demonstrated that silicon nanoparticles of 1-3 nm diameter exhibit catalytic activity toward glucose oxidation and can be used as electrocatalyst in neutral phosphate buffer [43].…”

Survey of the Electrochemistry of Some Biomass-Derived Compounds

“…Molybdenum dioxide salts derived from 4,4',4'',4'''tetrasulfophthalocyanine were shown to act as catalysts at room temperature in neutral medium (Arzoumanidis and O'Connell 1969).…”