Electrocatalytic synthesis of ammonia from steam and nitrogen at atmospheric pressure

Skodra, Aglaia; Stoukides, Michael

doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2009.08.001

Cited by 154 publications

(134 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…38 In the proton-conducting device, a SrCe 0.95 Yb 0.05 O 3-α membrane was employed as the electrolyte, onto which a Pd anode and a commercial Ru/MgO ammonia synthesis catalyst cathode were deposited. As the electrical conductivity of the Ru/MgO catalyst was low, a thin layer of Ag was deposited on the electrolyte in-between the ceramic and the Ru/MgO.…”

Section: Ammonia Electrosynthesis Using Water As the Proton Source Atmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent progress towards the electrosynthesis of ammonia from sustainable resources

2017

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Ammonia (NH 3 ) is a key commodity chemical of vital importance for fertilizers. It is made on an industrial scale via the Haber Bosch process, which requires significant infrastructure to be in place such that ammonia is generally made in large, centralized facilities. If ammonia could be produced under less demanding conditions, then there would be the potential for smaller devices to be used to generate ammonia in a decentralized manner for local consumption. Electrochemistry has been proposed as an enabling technology for this purpose as it is relatively simple to scale electrolytic devices to meet almost any level of demand. Moreover, it is possible to envisage electrosynthetic cells where water could be oxidized to produce protons and electrons at the anode which could then be used to reduce and protonate nitrogen to give ammonia at the cathode. If this nitrogen were sourced from the air, then the only required infrastructure for this process would be supplies of water, air and electricity, the latter of which could be provided by renewables. Hence an electrosynthetic cell for ammonia production could allow NH 3 to be generated sustainably in small, low-cost devices requiring only minimal facilities. In this review, we describe recent progress towards such electrosynthetic ammonia production devices, summarizing also some of the seminal literature in the field. Comparison is made between the various different approaches that have been taken, and the key remaining challenges in the electrosynthesis of ammonia are highlighted.

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Section: Ammonia Electrosynthesis Using Water As the Proton Source Atmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent progress towards the electrosynthesis of ammonia from sustainable resources

2017

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“…The process provides an alternative route that permits operation at atmospheric pressure and avoids the problem of thermodynamic restrictions imposed on the conventional Haber catalytic reactors [8]. Since then, based on the pioneering work of Marnellos and Stoukides, considerable efforts have focused on various aspects of the cell reactor in order to improve the ammonia formation rate [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Stoukides and coworkers research group has studied in detail the ammonia synthesis reaction in solid state proton conducting cells on Pd electrodes and on an industrial Fe catalyst by using strontia-ceria-ytterbia electrolytes [8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stoukides and coworkers research group has studied in detail the ammonia synthesis reaction in solid state proton conducting cells on Pd electrodes and on an industrial Fe catalyst by using strontia-ceria-ytterbia electrolytes [8][9][10]. More recently, they first demonstrated the feasibility of an electrocatalytic process in which ammonia was synthesized from steam and nitrogen by using either oxygen ion or proton conducting solid electrolyte cells [11]. Yiokari et al have reported that the catalytic activity of industrial ammonia synthesis catalysts could be enhanced by up to 1300% by interfacing the catalyst with a CaIn 0.1 Zr 0.9 O 3−␣ proton conductor and electrochemically supplying protons to the catalyst surface [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ammonia synthesis at atmospheric pressure using a reactor with thin solid electrolyte BaCe0.85Y0.15O3−α membrane

Wang

Cao

Gao³

et al. 2010

Journal of Membrane Science

102

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“…They resulted that the conversion rates are lower compared z E-mail: yusuf.bicer@uoit.ca; ibrahim.dincer@uoit.ca to nitrogen or steam because of the low conductivity of the working electrode. 2 In another study with a Nafion divider in aqueous 2 M KOH and a Ru on cathode, ammonia generation from water and nitrogen at a rate of 2.8 × 10 −12 mol NH 3 /s cm 2 and coulombic efficiency of 0.9% at 20…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Synthesis of Ammonia in Molten Salt Electrolyte Using Hydrogen and Nitrogen at Ambient Pressure

Biçer

Dinçer

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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In this study, the synthesis of ammonia (NH3) at ambient pressure using H2 and N2 is electrochemically achieved. The conducting and reaction media with molten salt consist of molten hydroxide as NaOH and KOH whereas the reaction temperature is varied in the range of 200°C to 255°C to investigate the impact of temperature on the ammonia production rate and hence performance. The porous nickel mesh electrodes having an area of 100 cm2 are used as cathode and anode where the supplied electricity is controlled using potentiostat/galvanostat. The maximum faradaic efficiency for ammonia synthesis is found to be 9.3% at 210°C corresponding to 6.53 × 10−10 mol/s cm2 ammonia evolution rate at 2 mA/cm2 current density with nano-Fe3O4 as the catalyst. Furthermore, the applied voltages and applied currents are varied to find the optimum experimental conditions for molten salt electrolyte based electrochemical ammonia synthesis.

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Electrocatalytic synthesis of ammonia from steam and nitrogen at atmospheric pressure

Cited by 154 publications

References 30 publications

Recent progress towards the electrosynthesis of ammonia from sustainable resources

Recent progress towards the electrosynthesis of ammonia from sustainable resources

Ammonia synthesis at atmospheric pressure using a reactor with thin solid electrolyte BaCe0.85Y0.15O3−α membrane

Electrochemical Synthesis of Ammonia in Molten Salt Electrolyte Using Hydrogen and Nitrogen at Ambient Pressure

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