“…Compared with the pyrolyzed M-N-C catalyst, the non-pyrolyzed one has advantages in low cost and controllable structures of the as prepared catalysts (Sheelam and Ramanujam, 2018). Many nitrogen ligands have been adopted for the construction of non-pyrolyzed M-N-C catalysts, including macrocycle ligands, such as porphyrins (Banerjee and Nabae, 2019), phthalocyanines (Meng et al, 2019), and metallocorroles (Levy et al, 2015), and also including non-macrocycle ligands, such as phenanthroline (Lu et al, 2015; Ren et al, 2016), bipyridine (Zhao et al, 2018), polypyrrole, polyaniline, etc (Wang et al, 2019). 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) can form the M-N 4 center with transitional metal ions, and often shows high ORR activity toward the four electron pathway (Ren et al, 2016).…”