Electrocatalytic C–N coupling for urea synthesis: a critical review

Yang, Chuanju; Li, Zhe; Xu, Junpeng; Jiang, Yujing; Zhu, Wenlei

doi:10.1039/d3gc04920e

Cited by 5 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 190 publications

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“…Particularly, NO 3 – widely exists in industrial wastewater along with CO 3 – , which can be successfully used as electrolytes for urea synthesis . The urea synthesis provides a fast and effective way of utilizing NO 3 – and CO 3 – , reducing the amount of pollution that interacts with the environment. , Additionally, this urea production process is clean and cost-effective, consuming less energy and resources. This makes the development of high-performance electrocatalysts and electrolytes with a higher solubility of N 2 and CO 2 highly desirable for the production of urea with high yield.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic Bimetallic Sites in 2D-on-2D Heterostructures for Enhanced C–N Coupling in Sustainable Urea Synthesis

Govindan,

Annamalai,

Kumar

et al. 2024

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Electrochemical conversion of CO2 and N2 to produce “green urea” using renewable energy represents a promising avenue for CO2 mitigation. A bifunctional electrocatalyst with a desirable composition and structure is highly required for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 and N2 (CO2N2RR) into urea. Herein, Ru–Pd alloyed nanoparticles were successfully incorporated into 2D WO3 and MXene nanosheets, resulting in the formation of Ru–Pd/WO3/MXene heterostructures. The catalyst significantly enhances electrocatalytic C–N coupling in CO2 and N2 reduction, resulting in increased urea yield. The electrochemical reduction initially converts CO2 into *CO, which then undergoes direct coupling with N2 to form urea through continuous protonation. Simultaneously, water molecules are oxidized on the bifunctional Ru–Pd/WO3/MXene electrodes. The mechanism of C–N coupling for urea formation is elucidated through density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The Ru–Pd/WO3/MXene catalyst exhibits a noteworthy urea yield of 227 μgurea mgcat –1h–1 with a faradaic efficiency of 23.7%. The detailed understanding of the CO2N2RR mechanism and the recyclable properties of the electrode emphasizes its suitability for prolonged use. This study not only presents a road map for advancing electrolysis but also provides profound insights into the fundamental chemistry of C–N coupling reactions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic Bimetallic Sites in 2D-on-2D Heterostructures for Enhanced C–N Coupling in Sustainable Urea Synthesis

Govindan,

Annamalai,

Kumar

et al. 2024

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Concept of Utilizing Ionic Liquids for the Co‐Electroreduction of Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen‐Containing Compounds

Dongare,

Coskun,

Gurkan

2024

ChemCatChem

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Formation of C‐N bonds through the electrochemical utilization of CO2 and nitrogen containing compounds (N‐compounds) is appealing for the purpose of converting waste and readily available sources or pollutants into value added chemicals at ambient conditions. Existing research predominantly explores these electrochemical reactions independently, often in aqueous electrolytes, leading to challenges associated with competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), low product selectivity, and yield. Functional electrolytes such as those containing ionic liquids (ILs) present selective solubility to the solute reactants and present unique interactions with the electrode surface that can suppress the undesired side reaction HER while simultaneously co‐catalyzing the conversion of CO2 and N‐compounds such as N2, NO, NO2, andNO3. In this concept paper, we discuss how the microenvironment enabled by ILs can be leveraged to stabilize reaction intermediates at the electrode‐electrolyte interface, thereby promoting C‐N bond formation on an active electrode surface at reduced overpotential, with the case study of CO2 and N‐compounds co‐catalysis to generate urea.

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Synergistic effects of heterogeneous interfaces and induced oxygen vacancies enhance the CuO/In2O3 performance in catalytic urea synthesis

Mao,

Gou,

et al. 2024

Chemical Engineering Journal

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Electrocatalytic C–N coupling for urea synthesis: a critical review

Abstract: Urea is one of the most important artificial nitrogen fertilizers in the agricultural economy and can provide essential nitrogen for plant growth. However, the industrial production of urea is very...

Cited by 5 publications

References 190 publications

Synergistic Bimetallic Sites in 2D-on-2D Heterostructures for Enhanced C–N Coupling in Sustainable Urea Synthesis

Synergistic Bimetallic Sites in 2D-on-2D Heterostructures for Enhanced C–N Coupling in Sustainable Urea Synthesis

Concept of Utilizing Ionic Liquids for the Co‐Electroreduction of Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen‐Containing Compounds

Synergistic effects of heterogeneous interfaces and induced oxygen vacancies enhance the CuO/In2O3 performance in catalytic urea synthesis

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