Electrocaloric effect in triglycine sulfate under equilibrium and nonequilibrium thermodynamic conditions

Influence of thermal conditions on the electrocaloric effect in a multilayer capacitor based on doped BaTiO3

“…Taking into account our experience of measuring ECE in TGS in nonequilibrium thermal conditions, 18,19 the measurements at the second stage were performed at the same rates of switching on and off the electric field, ðdE=dtÞ OFF ¼ ðdE=dtÞ ON . For this aim, MLCBT was also charged via a resistor of 910 Ohm.…”

“…Recently, two different ferroelectric systems, a multilayer capacitor based on doped BaTiO 3 (MLCBT) 11,12 and a bulk crystal of triglycine sulphate (TGS), 18,19 were chosen for the experimental examination of ECE in nonequilibrium thermal conditions. A heating of the BaTiO 3 capacitor under periodic electric field was observed since increase in the temperature at applying E, jÁT ON AD j, exceeded this value at removal of E, jÁT OFF AD j.…”

“…These circumstances were taken into account when studying the influence of nonequilibrium thermal conditions on intensive ECE in TGS. 18,19 Measurements were performed under a low electric field, E ¼ 2:8 kV/cm, and at equal rates of its switching on and off. As a result, a decrease in the temperature T top compared to T bot of the TGS element was observed, as predicted earlier.…”

“…The procedure of direct measurements of the intensive ECE was similar to that used earlier by us studying ECE and MCE in TGS 19 and La 0:7 Pb 0:3 MnO 3 , 23 respectively. The study of ECE in MLCBT under nonequilibrium thermal conditions was performed according to the scheme used previously 19 ( Fig.…”

“…The study of ECE in MLCBT under nonequilibrium thermal conditions was performed according to the scheme used previously 19 ( Fig. 2(b)).…”