“…Owing to the notable advantages of NPs such as large surface area, high chemical stability, tunable porosity and biocompatibility, NPs have received vast attention in bioelectrochemical studies. Different kinds of materials and nanomaterials including Co 3 O 4 NPs/multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/gelatin [15], cobalt oxide [16, 17], nickel oxide NPs [18], system‐on‐chip devices [19], polymeric 3‐aminophenyl boronic acid monolayer [20], gold (Au)–MWCNT–graphene hybrid composite [21], SiO 2 coated Fe 3 O 4 /MWCNTs [22], CdS nanorods [23], carbon past electrode containing different modifiers [24], Au NPs [25], MWCNTs–Zno composite [26], poly‐3‐hydroxybutyrate membrane [27], lipopolysaccharide films [28] and nanoAu monolayer/sol–gel‐derived carbon ceramic [29] were used in the protein electrochemistry and biosensors. Nanomaterials can act as tiny conduction centres and facilitate the transfer of electrons while maintaining the biocatalytic properties of the proteins.…”