Electro-optic lightning detector

Koshak, William J.; Solakiewicz, Richard

doi:10.1364/ao.38.004623

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The technology is now mature for commercialization, as evidenced by Refs. 28, 50, and 51, and has become a dedicated technique in severe environments such as plasmas, 24,25 lightnings, 26 or MRI. 52,53 PSM-based sensors are also ever-attractive for the near-field characterization of antennas, 38,48 due to their minimal invasiveness associated with their wide BW and ability to perform vectorial measurements.…”

Section: Bulk Electro-optic Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the 1960s and the development of the first electro-optical (EO) E-field sensors, 19,20 Pockels-based probes have experienced great success due to their intrinsic wide BW extending from DC to several THz, 21,22 their associated subpicosecond temporal resolution, 23 and their dielectric-and therefore minimally invasive-nature. By inducing a linear variation of the refractive index as a function of electric field components, the Pockels effect offers the additional advantage of enabling vector measurements, even in the most severe environments such as plasmas, 24,25 lightning, 26 gas insulation substations, or ultra-high voltage transmission towers. 27 In the past, several comprehensive studies of Pockels-based probes have illustrated the attractive properties of EO sensors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Minimally invasive optical sensors for microwave-electric-field exposure measurements

Behague

Calero

Coste

et al. 2021

J. Optical Microsystems

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The measurement of microwave electric-field (E-field) exposure is an ever-evolving subject that has recently led the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection to change its recommendations. With frequencies increasing toward terahertz (THz), stimulated by 5G deployment, the measurement specifications reveal ever more demanding challenges in terms of bandwidth (BW) and miniaturization. We propose a focus on minimally invasive E-field sensors, which are crucial for the in situ and near-field characterization of E-fields both in harsh environments such as plasmas and in the vicinity of emitters. We browse the large varieties of measurement devices, among which the electro-optic (EO) probes stand out for their potential of high BW up to THz, minimal invasiveness, and ability of vector measurements. We describe and compare the three main categories of EO sensors, from bulk systems to nanoprobes. First, we show how bulk-sensors have evolved toward attractive fibered systems that are advantageously employed in plasmas, resonance magnetic imagings chambers or for radiation-pattern imaging up to THz frequencies. Then we describe how the integration of waveguides helps to gain robustness, lateral resolution, and sensitivity. The third part is dedicated to the ultra-miniaturization of components allowing ultimate steps toward electromagnetic invisibility. This review aims at pointing out the recent evolutions over the past 10 years, with a highlight on the specificities of each photonic architecture. It also shows the way to future multi-physics and multi-arrays smart sensing platforms. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI.

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Section: Bulk Electro-optic Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minimally invasive optical sensors for microwave-electric-field exposure measurements

Behague

Calero

Coste

et al. 2021

J. Optical Microsystems

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“…So, advanced sensing instruments and technologies should be the best choice to replace the work by manpower. Actually, many lightning stroke location methods have been proposed and experimentally demonstrated, such as use of Faraday effect to sense the change of electro-magnetic field caused by lightning stroke [1][2][3], and the method by monitoring the state of polarization (SOP) of probe light to analyze the lightning incident [4,5]. However, the lightning stroke location method by Faraday Effect is not appropriate when the sensors are set in the environment with strong electro-magnetic interference and it is not a distributed sensing method, which makes the cost for lightning stroke location unacceptable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health monitoring of electric power communication line using a distributed optical fiber sensor

Liu

Liang

et al. 2014

SPIE Proceedings

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Optical fiber ground wire (OPGW) is used for both the earth line and communication line in electric power systems. It is important to find an effective to monitor the status of OPGW and diagnose some possible damages. Fault location of the optical fiber transmission line, lightning stroke location and early-warning of ice covering of OPGW are common tasks for OPGW health monitoring and maintenance. As to these issues, Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry (BOTDR) is employed for the health monitoring of OPGW. In experiment, a positive electrode with high pulsed current and a negative electrode are adopted to form a lightning impulse system with duration time of 200ms for simulation of the lightning stroke process, and a tensile force loading apparatus is also constructed to simulate the strain influence of the ice covering on the OPGW. Experimental results demonstrate that the BOTDR can sensitively locate the lightning stroke incidents with the quantity of electric discharging larger than 100C and the strain component has little interference on temperature monitoring as the fiber contained in the OPGW is generally free of strain, and in the ice covering condition the strain feature appears only when the extra tensile force on the OPGW is over 30kN. In addition, the vibration of OPGW does not disturb both the temperature and strain monitoring. As to further applications of distributed optical fiber sensors (DOFS) for the OPGW health monitoring, it is important to enhance its spatial resolution.

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“…Several lightning-location methods using fibre optical sensors have already been proposed. In [1,2], the use of the Faraday effect to detect lightning was proposed. In [3], a Rogowski coil coupled to line insulators and fibre optic light transmitters is used to detect when lightning breaks an insulator string of a high-voltage power transmission line.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A passive opto-electronic lightning sensor based on electromagnetic field detection for utilities applications

Rosolem¹,

Barbosa²,

Floridia³

et al. 2010

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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This paper presents the results of a passive optical lightning sensor for utilities applications. The main sensor application is for the location of lightning strikes in overhead power lines, but it can also be used in substations or in power generation plants. The proposed sensor detects lightning indirectly by means of detecting lightning electromagnetic pulses, which are used to modulate directly a semiconductor laser coupled to a fibre optic pigtail. No solar panels, batteries or electronic control circuits are necessary to implement this sensing technique. This paper shows the results of the sensor characterization made only in laboratory and the possibilities of its use in an optical WDM sensor network.

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Electro-optic lightning detector

Cited by 10 publications

References 26 publications

Minimally invasive optical sensors for microwave-electric-field exposure measurements

Minimally invasive optical sensors for microwave-electric-field exposure measurements

Health monitoring of electric power communication line using a distributed optical fiber sensor

A passive opto-electronic lightning sensor based on electromagnetic field detection for utilities applications

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