Electro-optic behavior of lithium niobate at cryogenic temperatures

Herzog, Christian; Poberaj, G.; Günter, Peter

doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2007.10.031

Cited by 24 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Moreover, optomechanical devices suffer from a maximum modulation bandwidth limited to the ~MHz range, which prevents their usage for a large number of important applications -such as spatial-and time-multiplexing schemes for scalable quantum computing 2,23,24 , fast feedforward operations for measurement-based quantum computation [25][26][27] , or optical read-out schemes for SNSPDs 28 -where a bandwidth in the ~GHz regime is mandatory. Electro-optic modulators (EOMs) based on the Pockels effect can overcome all the aforementioned limitations, and provide a simple and cryogenic-compatible [29][30][31][32] platform for on-chip reconfigurable photonics. In this context, thin Lithium Niobate films bonded onto a Silica insulating substrate (LNOI: Lithium-Niobate-on-Insulator) have recently emerged as a particularly attractive technology for the realization of waveguides with sub-micron scale in χ (2) -nonlinear materials 33 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-photon detection and cryogenic reconfigurability in lithium niobate nanophotonic circuits

et al. 2021

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Lithium-Niobate-On-Insulator (LNOI) is emerging as a promising platform for integrated quantum photonic technologies because of its high second-order nonlinearity and compact waveguide footprint. Importantly, LNOI allows for creating electro-optically reconfigurable circuits, which can be efficiently operated at cryogenic temperature. Their integration with superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) paves the way for realizing scalable photonic devices for active manipulation and detection of quantum states of light. Here we demonstrate integration of these two key components in a low loss (0.2 dB/cm) LNOI waveguide network. As an experimental showcase of our technology, we demonstrate the combined operation of an electrically tunable Mach-Zehnder interferometer and two waveguide-integrated SNSPDs at its outputs. We show static reconfigurability of our system with a bias-drift-free operation over a time of 12 hours, as well as high-speed modulation at a frequency up to 1 GHz. Our results provide blueprints for implementing complex quantum photonic devices on the LNOI platform.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-photon detection and cryogenic reconfigurability in lithium niobate nanophotonic circuits

et al. 2021

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“…While the Pockels effect has no intrinsic physical limitations for use at cryogenic temperature 22 , making a Pockels devices requires an integrated material which retains a large Pockels coefficient and which does not suffer from additional spurious effects at low temperature. No integrated cryogenic Pockels modulator has previously been reported, but room temperature devices have recently been demonstrated using organics 23 , PbZrxTi1-xO3 , LiNbO3 20 , and BaTiO3 .…”

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confidence: 99%

An integrated optical modulator operating at cryogenic temperatures

et al. 2020

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Integrated photonic circuits (PICs) operating at cryogenic temperatures are fundamental building blocks required to achieve scalable quantum computing, and cryogenic computing technologies 1,2. Silicon PICs have matured for room temperature applications, but their cryogenic performance is limited by the absence of efficient low temperature electro-optic (EO) modulation. Here we demonstrate EO switching and modulation from room temperature down to 4 K by using the Pockels effect in integrated barium titanate (BaTiO3)based devices 3. We investigate the temperature-dependence of the nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of BaTiO3, showing an effective Pockels coefficient of 200 pm/V at 4 K. The fabricated devices exhibit an EO bandwidth of 30 GHz, ultra-low-power tuning which is 10 9 times more efficient than thermal tuning, and high-speed data modulation at 20 Gbps. Our results demonstrate a missing component for cryogenic PICs. Our results remove major roadblocks for the realisation of cryogenic-compatible systems in the field of quantum computing, supercomputing and sensing, and for interfacing those systems with instrumentation at room-temperature. Cryogenic technologies are becoming essential for future computing systems, a trend fuelled by the worldwide quest to develop quantum computing systems and future generations of highperformance classical computing systems 4,5. While most computing architectures rely solely on electronic circuits, photonic components are becoming increasingly important (Supplementary Note, SN 1). First, PICs can be used for quantum computing approaches where the quantum nature of photons is exploited as qubits 1,2. Second, optical interconnects can overcome limitations in

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“…While phaseshifting has been achieved at cryogenic temperatures in lithium niobate [6][7][8][9] and other platforms [5,10], low-temperature operation of active polarisation conversion is yet to be demonstrated. The polarisation degree of freedom is a very natural basis for encoding qubits on a single photon level, therefore efficient control is an important tool in many quantum photonic information tasks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryogenic Electro-Optic Polarisation Conversion in Titanium in-diffused Lithium Niobate Waveguides

Thiele,

Bruch,

Quiring

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Many technologies in quantum photonics require cryogenic conditions to operate. However, the underlying platform behind active components such as switches, modulators and phase shifters must be compatible with these operating conditions. To address this, we demonstrate an electro-optic polarisation converter for 1550 nm light at 0.8 K in titanium in-diffused lithium niobate waveguides. To do so, we exploit the electro-optic properties of lithium niobate to convert between orthogonal polarisation modes with a fiber-to-fiber transmission >43%. We achieve a modulation depth of 23.6±3.3 dB and a conversion voltage-length product of 28.8 V cm. This enables the combination of cryogenic photonics and active components on a single integration platform.

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Electro-optic behavior of lithium niobate at cryogenic temperatures

Cited by 24 publications

References 11 publications

Single-photon detection and cryogenic reconfigurability in lithium niobate nanophotonic circuits

Single-photon detection and cryogenic reconfigurability in lithium niobate nanophotonic circuits

An integrated optical modulator operating at cryogenic temperatures

Cryogenic Electro-Optic Polarisation Conversion in Titanium in-diffused Lithium Niobate Waveguides

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