Electro‐driven extraction of inorganic anions from water samples and water miscible organic solvents and analysis by ion chromatography

Abstract

A simple electromembrane extraction (EME) procedure combined with ion chromatography (IC) was developed to quantify inorganic anions in different pure water samples and water miscible organic solvents. The parameters affecting extraction performance, such as supported liquid membrane (SLM) solvent, extraction time, pH of donor and acceptor solutions, and extraction voltage were optimized. The optimized EME conditions were as follows: 1-heptanol was used as the SLM solvent, the extraction time was 10 min, pHs of the acceptor and donor solutions were 10 and 7, respectively, and the extraction voltage was 15 V. The mobile phase used for IC was a combination of 1.8 mM sodium carbonate and 1.7 mM sodium bicarbonate. Under these optimized conditions, all anions had enrichment factors ranging from 67 to 117 with RSDs between 7.3 and 13.5% (n = 5). Good linearity values ranging from 2 to 1200 ng/mL with coefficients of determination (R(2) ) between 0.987 and 0.999 were obtained. The LODs of the EME-IC method ranged from 0.6 to 7.5 ng/mL. The developed method was applied to different samples to evaluate the feasibility of the method for real applications.

Electroextraction and electromembrane extraction: Advances in hyphenation to analytical techniques

“…When hyphenating EE and EME to LC, care should be taken that the acceptor phase is suited for injection onto the LC column. In all the LC-related work that is within the scope of this review, the acceptor phase is of aqueous nature, which explains the fact that reversed phase LC is almost exclusively used in combination with EE and EME, one exception being ion chromatography for the analysis of inorganic anions [26]. Furthermore, this might also explain the fact that the application area of EME-LC currently mainly covers medium-apolar to apolar compounds, such as peptides and drugs.…”

“…The majority of the EME and EE work was applied to drug compounds or relatively hydrophobic compounds, such as aromatic amino acids [21], azo red dyes [22], herbicides [23], and volatile organic compound metabolites [24,25]. Notable exceptions are the EME of inorganic anions [26], pulsed mode EME of histidine, phenylalanine, tryptophan [21], and asparagine and glutamine [27]. Not all papers included in the table reported both ER and EF.…”

Electromembrane extraction of verapamil and riluzole from urine and wastewater samples using a mixture of organic solvents as a supported liquid membrane: Study on electric current variations

“…Also, 2‐ethyl hexanol (ETH) was applied as a successful organic solvent in the SLM for the extraction of basic drugs . Other solvents, such as 1‐octanol (OCT) and 1‐heptanol (HEP) have successfully been used as the SLM for the extraction of inorganic anions and acidic drugs .…”

“…Also, 2-ethyl hexanol (ETH) was applied as a Article Related Abbreviations: EME, electromembrane extraction; ETH, 2-ethyl hexanol; HEP, 1-heptanol; HF, hollow fiber; NPOE, 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether; OCT, 1-octanol; RIL, riluzole; SLM, supported liquid membrane; VPL, verapamil successful organic solvent in the SLM for the extraction of basic drugs [7,8]. Other solvents, such as 1-octanol (OCT) and 1-heptanol (HEP) have successfully been used as the SLM for the extraction of inorganic anions and acidic drugs [9][10][11][12].…”

Electromembrane extraction using two separate cells: A new design for simultaneous extraction of acidic and basic compounds

“…However, by reversing the direction of the electrical field with which EME is undertaken, one could effectively perform the extraction of acidic compounds as well . EME has been also used to extract metal ions , inorganic anions peptides , and amino acids . Since 2008, several reviews have been published on EME .…”