Electrifying secondary settlers to enhance nitrogen and pathogens removals

Modelling and optimization of membrane process for removal of biologics (pathogens) from water and wastewater: Current perspectives and challenges

“…The electrochemical process inactivated viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and bacteriophages in wastewater, thus making the treated water suitable for irrigation. Botti et al [ 93 ] applied electrifying secondary settlers for pathogen removal from wastewater in another study. The study conducted by Lee et al [ 84 ] thoroughly investigated the effectiveness of viral elimination using coagulation followed by ultrafiltration (UF) in the treatment of drinking water.…”

Challenges and applications of nitrate-reducing microbial biocathodes

“…Above 0 V vs SHE the efficiency of cathodic denitrifying bacteria is severely limited [34,130]. In most of the articles, one can find that the applied potential was from around -0.3 V [90,107,108,[131][132][133][134][135] or -0.25 [110,129,[136][137][138], up to around -0.1 V vs SHE [111,131,[139][140][141][142] (See Table S1&S2, Supplementary Material). In some studies, applying potentials of -0.7 V vs SHE or lower was found to increase NRR but the mechanism included electrolysis of water and hydrogenotrophic denitrification using hydrogen generated at the cathode [112,116,143].…”

“…graphite or carbon brushes [69,110,[164][165][166][167][168][169] and graphite granules [34,66,139,142,144,[170][171][172]67,90,108,109,121,125,126,136]. Composites materials were also used to increase the performance, for example carbon felt/multiwall carbon nanotube composite [123], coated carbon materials [140,141,173,174] or layered air-cathode [175]. Different carbon materials can favor development of different microbial communities [176].…”

Pyrite-based denitrification combined with electrochemical disinfection to remove nitrate and microbial contamination from groundwater

“…In addition to denitrification, polishing steps are required to provide safe drinking or irrigation water, as the microbial load of the denitrified effluent, will not allow for direct consumption or reuse 21 . Several disinfection practices have been used so far to polish water treatment effluents and chemical oxidation, either with free chlorine, ozone (O 3 ) or UV, is generally preferred for potable water reuse 22 .…”