Electrically Tunable Four-Wave-Mixing in Graphene Heterogeneous Fiber for Individual Gas Molecule Detection

An, Ning; Tan, Teng; Zheng, Peng; Qin, Chenye; Yuan, Zhichao; Bi, Lei; Liao, Changrui; Wang, Yiping; Rao, Yunjiang; Soavi, Giancarlo; Yao, Baicheng

doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02174

Cited by 55 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(81 reference statements)

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“…Moreover, when the GMDC is exposed to NH 3 , the large steps are rare (such as > 2 molecular on/off events), whereas unit steps are dominant. These statistical results obey a power-law distribution, which is also a sign of individual molecule adsorption events [10].…”

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 75%

Stokes dual-soliton spectroscopy in a graphene functionalized over-modal microresonator

Soavi

Yuan

Tan

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Dual comb spectroscopy enables fast and accurate measurements over broad spectral ranges, offering a powerful tool to identify chemical species with unprecedented spectral resolution. Co-generation of soliton combs in one single microresonator can be used to improve the compactness of multi-comb sources and bridge the lab-to-fab gap. However, the robustness of pristine microresonators to environmental changes limits their potential in broader applications such as biochemical sensing. Here, we realize for the first time a two-dimensional-material functionalized dual-comb spectrometer by asymmetrically depositing graphene in an over-modal microsphere. Spectrally trapped Stokes solitons belonging to distinct transverse mode families are co-generated in one single device. A soliton mode in the graphene-functionalized region is highly sensitive to environmental changes while a second soliton mode in the pristine region serves as reference, thus producing dual-comb ultrasensitive beat notes in the electrical domain. Taking advantage of an advanced optoelectronic heterodyne detection scheme, we trace the frequency shift of the dual-soliton beat-note with uncertainty < 0.2 Hz and we achieve real-time individual gas molecule detection in vacuum. This combination of atomically thin materials and microcombs shows the potential for integrated spectroscopy with unprecedented performances and offers new insights toward the design of versatile functionalized microcavity photonic devices.

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Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 75%

Stokes dual-soliton spectroscopy in a graphene functionalized over-modal microresonator

Soavi

Yuan

Tan

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…Graphene has rich nonlinear phenomena including the saturable absorption, second-order nonlinearity, and third-order nonlinearity [13]. The contact between the external molecule and graphene will cause changes in nonlinear parameters of graphene, thereby affecting the intensity or efficiency of graphene nonlinear signals such as four-wave-mixing (FWM) and stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) [20,21]. For instance, Fig.…”

Section: Sensing Based On Nonlinear Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Exploiting this feature, there is a relationship between the FWM efficiency and the adsorption of gas molecules, because the polar gas molecules could change the Fermi level of graphene. When graphene is predoped around 0.4 eV, the sensor achieves the highest sensitivity [21].…”

Section: Sensing Based On Nonlinear Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to optimizing fiber structure and materials to improve the performance, some new sensing mechanisms are introduced in recent years [20,21]. Typically, Yao et al [20] proposed a microfiber interrogated whispering gallery mode (WGM) optomechanical gas sensor, which expanded "electron-photon" interaction in conventional graphene based optical sensors to "electron-phonon-photon" interaction.…”

Section: Gas Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the graphene based photonic devices, the biochemical sensor is one of the most rapidly developed applications. Via continuously optimizing the graphene materials, the fiber structures, and their combinations, the performance of graphene-fiber biochemical sensors is pushed to new height constantly, such as ultrahigh sensitivity [20,21] and selectivity [5]. Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Graphene-Fiber Biochemical Sensors: Principles, Implementations, and Advances

Qin

et al. 2021

Photonic Sens

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Single atomically thick graphene, with unique structural flexibility, surface sensitivity, and effective light-mater interaction, has shown exceptional advances in optoelectronics. It opens a door for diverse functionalized photonic devices, ranging from passive polarizers to active lasers and parametric oscillators. Among them, graphene-fiber biochemical sensors combine the merits of both graphene and fiber structures, demonstrating impressively high performances, such as single-molecule detectability and fast responsibility. These graphene-fiber biochemical sensors can offer tools in various applications, such as gas tracing, chemical analysis, and medical testing. In this paper, we review the emerging graphene-fiber biochemical sensors comprehensively, including the sensing principles, device fabrications, systematic implementations, and advanced applications. Finally, we summarize the state-of-the-art graphene-fiber biochemical sensors and put forward our outlooks on the development in the future.

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A Monolithic Graphene‐Functionalized Microlaser for Multispecies Gas Detection

Guo

et al. 2022

Advanced Materials

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of biological and chemical sensing, where they provide ultrahigh frequency resolution in sub-MHz level [10] by measuring the passive interference between different cavity modes [11] as well as the shift and/ or broadening of the mode resonances. [12] With such approach, detection of individual cells, [13,14] viruses, [15] protein molecules, [16] DNA, [17,18] and nanoparticles [19,20] has already been achieved. Further enhancement of the performances of a WGM-based sensor can be obtained in an active cavity, where the monolithic integration of a laser provides higher stability and improved frequency resolution. [21,22] Such platforms hold great promise also for applications in the field of gas sensing, however, the materials used in conventional WGM microcavities (silica or metal fluorides) are inert and thus unsuitable for gas adsorption and tracing. On the other hand, the hybridization of 2D materials with microcavities, such as chip microrings, [23][24][25] plasmonic resonators, [26,27] nanowires, [28] fiber microcavities, [29,30] and WGM microresonators, [31][32][33] offers a new route for enhanced photon-electron interactions and thus provides a novel platform for gas detection. [34] Here we realize an active WGM microsphere laser device functionalized with single-layer graphene that is capable of Optical-microcavity-enhanced light-matter interaction offers a powerful tool to develop fast and precise sensing techniques, spurring applications in the detection of biochemical targets ranging from cells, nanoparticles, and large molecules. However, the intrinsic inertness of such pristine microresonators limits their spread in new fields such as gas detection. Here, a functionalized microlaser sensor is realized by depositing graphene in an erbium-doped over-modal microsphere. By using a 980 nm pump, multiple laser lines excited in different mode families of the microresonator are co-generated in a single device. The interference between these splitting mode lasers produce beat notes in the electrical domain (0.2-1.1 MHz) with sub-kHz accuracy, thanks to the graphene-induced intracavity backward scattering. This allows for lab-free multispecies gas identification from a mixture, and ultrasensitive gas detection down to individual molecule.

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Electrically Tunable Four-Wave-Mixing in Graphene Heterogeneous Fiber for Individual Gas Molecule Detection

Cited by 55 publications

References 37 publications

Stokes dual-soliton spectroscopy in a graphene functionalized over-modal microresonator

Stokes dual-soliton spectroscopy in a graphene functionalized over-modal microresonator

Graphene-Fiber Biochemical Sensors: Principles, Implementations, and Advances

A Monolithic Graphene‐Functionalized Microlaser for Multispecies Gas Detection

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