Electrically-Transduced Chemical Sensors Based on Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials

Abstract

Electrically−transduced sensors, with their simplicity and compatibility with standard electronic technologies, produce signals that can be efficiently acquired, processed, stored, and analyzed. Two dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, including graphene, phosphorene (BP), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), and others, have proven to be attractive for the fabrication of high−performance electricallytransduced chemical sensors due to their remarkable electronic and physical properties originating from their 2D structure. This review highlights the advances in electricallytransduced chemical sensing that rely on 2D materials. The structural components of such sensors are described, and the underlying operating principles for different types of architectures are discussed. The structural features, electronic properties, and surface chemistry of 2D nanostructures that dictate their sensing performance are reviewed. Key advances in the application of 2D materials, from both a historical and analytical perspective, are summarized for four different groups of analytes: gases, volatile compounds, ions, and biomolecules. The sensing performance is discussed in the context of the molecular design, structure−property relationships, and device fabrication technology. The outlook of challenges and opportunities for 2D nanomaterials for the future development of electrically-transduced sensors is also presented.

Siloxene, Germanane, and Methylgermanane: Functionalized 2D Materials of Group 14 for Electrochemical Applications

“…Generally, due to high HET rates, 2D materials can be integrated on electrode surfaces to increase selectivity and sensitivity of electrochemical sensors to target molecules. [ 41,42 ] Properties such as large surface area, enhanced mass transport, excellent signal‐to‐noise ratios, and high sensitivity have resulted in the vast incorporation of 2D materials in sensing applications. [ 43 ] DA is a vital neurotransmitter in the brain for optimal performance of the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, and hormonal system.…”

A Dual‐Ligand Porous Coordination Polymer Chemiresistor with Modulated Conductivity and Porosity

“…Dozens of EC‐MOFs with permanent porosity and conductivity have been developed as semiconductor devices . Among them, two dimensional (2D) π‐conjugated EC‐MOFs showed exciting semiconductor properties as active materials with satisfactory stability . The coexistence of crystallinity, porosity, and conductivity creates a platform that can be used for a variety of applications, such as electrocatalysis, supercapacitors, chemiresistive gas sensors, and field‐effect transistors (FETs) …”

Time‐Resolved Terahertz Spectroscopy Studies on 2D Van der Waals Materials

“…[3][4][5] Following the discovery of graphene, insulating 2D-layered hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) was initially predicted in theory and then synthesized in experiments. [4,5,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14] To date, more than 500 types of 2D vdW materials have been synthesized in laboratories.Owing to their high in-plane charge carrier mobility [15] and a wide range of energy bandgaps varies from tens of millielectron volts (meV) to few electron volts (eV), [16,17] semiconducting 2D materials have been viewed as a key component for the nextgeneration optoelectronic devices. [4,5,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14] To date, more than 500 types of 2D vdW materials have been synthesized in laboratories.…”

“…[6,7] Soon after the discovery of semimetallic graphene and the insulating h-BN, semiconductinglayered 2D vdW materials, for example, transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), monochalcogenides, black phosphorus (BP), 2D oxides, and transition meal carbides/carbon nitrides (MXenes) were synthesized by using different physical or chemical synthesis approaches such as mechanical exfoliations, wet-chemical synthesis, and chemical vapor-phase depositions. [4,5,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14] To date, more than 500 types of 2D vdW materials have been synthesized in laboratories.Owing to their high in-plane charge carrier mobility [15] and a wide range of energy bandgaps varies from tens of millielectron volts (meV) to few electron volts (eV), [16,17] semiconducting 2D materials have been viewed as a key component for the nextgeneration optoelectronic devices. [18][19][20][21][22] In addition to the high carrier mobility and wide spectral range, intriguing spin-valley physics, induced by the strong spin-orbit coupling and band structures, [23][24][25] strong Coulomb interactions, which originate from the strict out-of-plane quantum confinement and reduced dielectric screenings, [26,27] along with the large exciton-binding energies enrich the physical properties of photoexcited quasiparticles (e.g., exciton, trion, and biexciton) in 2D vdW semiconductors.…”

“…[6,7] Soon after the discovery of semimetallic graphene and the insulating h-BN, semiconductinglayered 2D vdW materials, for example, transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), monochalcogenides, black phosphorus (BP), 2D oxides, and transition meal carbides/carbon nitrides (MXenes) were synthesized by using different physical or chemical synthesis approaches such as mechanical exfoliations, wet-chemical synthesis, and chemical vapor-phase depositions. [4,5,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14] To date, more than 500 types of 2D vdW materials have been synthesized in laboratories.…”