Electrically-Driven Zoom Metalens Based on Dynamically Controlling the Phase of Barium Titanate (BTO) Column Antennas

Xu, Ning; Hao, Yuan; Jie, Kaiqian; Qin, Shuai; Huang, Hui; Chen, Li; Liu, Hongzhan; Guo, Jianping; Meng, Hongyun; Wang, Faqiang; Yang, Xiangbo; Wei, Zhongchao

doi:10.3390/nano11030729

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…88 (f) Schematic view of electrically tunable metalenses in which the refractive index of BTO antennas is changed by applying voltage bias. 90 as the stretch ratio increases. 96 The target wavelength of this zoom lens is 632.8 nm, but can be altered by changing the geometry and materials of the meta-atoms.…”

Section: Tunable Metalenses By Non-electrical Inputmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Changing the refractive index of nanopillars by applying a voltage is another way to tune the focal length. 90 A metalens composed of indium tin oxide (ITO) as a transparent electrode, barium titanate (BTO) nanopillars, and a SiO 2 substrate has been proposed. 90 The refractive index of BTO is proportional to the induced electric field, so by exploiting the electro-optic effect of the BTO crystals, a phase change can be achieved by controlling the external voltage [Fig.…”

Section: Tunable Metalenses By Electrical Biasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(e) Schematic of tunable graphene metalenses in which the chemical potential of graphene is controlled by applying a gate voltage 88. (f) Schematic view of electrically tunable metalenses in which the refractive index of BTO antennas is changed by applying voltage bias 90.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Tunable metasurfaces towards versatile metalenses and metaholograms: a review

et al. 2022

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Metasurfaces have attracted great attention due to their ability to manipulate the phase, amplitude, and polarization of light in a compact form. Tunable metasurfaces have been investigated recently through the integration with mechanically moving components and electrically tunable elements. Two interesting applications, in particular, are to vary the focal point of metalenses and to switch between holographic images. We present the recent progress on tunable metasurfaces focused on metalenses and metaholograms, including the basic working principles, advantages, and disadvantages of each working mechanism. We classify the tunable stimuli based on the light source and electrical bias, as well as others such as thermal and mechanical modulation. We conclude by summarizing the recent progress of metalenses and metaholograms, and providing our perspectives for the further development of tunable metasurfaces.

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Section: Tunable Metalenses By Non-electrical Inputmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Tunable Metalenses By Electrical Biasmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tunable metasurfaces towards versatile metalenses and metaholograms: a review

et al. 2022

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“…It manipulates the phase, polarization, and amplitude of light by precisely tailoring the geometry and rotation of nanostructures [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. Therefore, metasurfaces are used to develop various miniature optical devices, such as metalenses [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ], holograms [ 39 , 40 , 41 ], waveplates [ 42 , 43 ], and optical vortices [ 44 , 45 ]. Metalenses are one of the most important applications of metasurfaces.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Broadband Achromatic Metalens in the Visible Light Spectrum Based on Fresnel Zone Spatial Multiplexing

Shi

Sun

et al. 2022

Nanomaterials

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Metalenses composed of a large number of subwavelength nanostructures provide the possibility for the miniaturization and integration of the optical system. Broadband polarization-insensitive achromatic metalenses in the visible light spectrum have attracted researchers because of their wide applications in optical integrated imaging. This paper proposes a polarization-insensitive achromatic metalens operating over a continuous bandwidth from 470 nm to 700 nm. The silicon nitride nanopillars of 488 nm and 632.8 nm are interleaved by Fresnel zone spatial multiplexing method, and the particle swarm algorithm is used to optimize the phase compensation. The maximum time-bandwidth product in the phase library is 17.63. The designed focal length can be maintained in the visible light range from 470 nm to 700 nm. The average focusing efficiency reaches 31.71%. The metalens can achieve broadband achromatization using only one shape of nanopillar, which is simple in design and easy to fabricate. The proposed metalens is expected to play an important role in microscopic imaging, cameras, and other fields.

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“…[32][33][34] Optical zoom, however, is a more complex function that has largely remained unexplored in metasurface optics. While a number of "zoom metalens" designs have been proposed, [24,[35][36][37][38] they are in fact varifocal lenses [25,27,[39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53] whose focal plane constantly shifts as the lens configuration changes. A true zoom metalens must be parfocal; in other words, the position of its focal plane must remain stationary when its EFL is changed.…”

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confidence: 99%

Reconfigurable Parfocal Zoom Metalens

Lin

Shalaginov

Stoll

et al. 2022

Advanced Optical Materials

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spanning photography, cinematography, computer vision, biomedical imaging, microscopy, image projection, and beyond. Traditionally, optical zoom is realized by switching between multiple lens groups, each with a fixed zoom (e.g., in most phone cameras); or using stacked lenses where one or more of the lens elements move along the optical axis. [1][2][3] Both approaches, however, come at the cost of size, weight, complexity, cost, and sometimes image quality. Lenses made of liquids or elastomers have also been introduced to achieve zoom via shape deformation, [4][5][6][7][8] although concerns over reliability, controllability, optical quality, and scalability still loom.Metasurfaces, flat optical components which control phase, amplitude, and polarization states of light with sub-wavelength structures, have been gaining increasing traction. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] Active metasurfaces, whose optical functionalities can be dynamically modulated, further enable tuning of metalens focal length via mechanisms including substrate deformation, [20][21][22][23][24] microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) actuation, [25,26] thermo-optic effect, [27] polarization multiplexing, [28][29][30][31] as well as phase transition in materials. [32][33][34] Optical zoom, however, is a more complex function that has largely remained unexplored in metasurface optics. While a number of "zoom metalens" designs have been proposed, [24,[35][36][37][38] they are in fact varifocal lenses [25,27,[39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53] whose focal plane constantly shifts as the lens configuration changes. A true zoom metalens must be parfocal; in other words, the position of its focal plane must remain stationary when its EFL is changed. A parfocal zoom metalens design was first theoretically conceptualized by Zheng et al. [54,55] However, the design only affords a small zoom ratio. Moreover, no parfocal zoom metalens has been experimentally demonstrated to our knowledge.In this paper, we propose a non-mechanical parfocal zoom metalens design offering large zoom ratios, minimal distortion, and aberration-free optical quality. As one specific example, the design can switch between 40° (the "wide-angle" mode) and 4° (the "telephoto" mode) field-of-view (FOV) with 10× optical zoom. The concept is generic with respect to meta-atom design, which we validated through implementation of two embodiments: a polarization-multiplexing zoom metalens in the visible using waveguide-type meta-atoms; and a zoom metalens in the mid-infrared in the form of a reconfigurable Huygens' surface made of phase change materials (PCMs). Zoom lenses with variable focal lengths and magnification ratios are essential for many optical imaging applications. Conventional zoom lenses are composed of multiple refractive optics, and optical zoom is attained via translational motion of one or more lens elements, which adds to module size, complexity, and cost. In this paper, a zoom lens design based on multifunctional optical metasurfaces is ...

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Electrically-Driven Zoom Metalens Based on Dynamically Controlling the Phase of Barium Titanate (BTO) Column Antennas

Cited by 7 publications

References 24 publications

Tunable metasurfaces towards versatile metalenses and metaholograms: a review

Tunable metasurfaces towards versatile metalenses and metaholograms: a review

Broadband Achromatic Metalens in the Visible Light Spectrum Based on Fresnel Zone Spatial Multiplexing

Reconfigurable Parfocal Zoom Metalens

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