Electrically controlled terahertz magneto-optical phenomena in continuous and patterned graphene

Poumirol, Jean-Marie; Liu, Peter Q.; Slipchenko, T. M.; Nikitin, Alexey Y.; Martín‐Moreno, Luis; Faist, Jérôme; Kuzmenko, A. B.

doi:10.1038/ncomms14626

Cited by 110 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…2(a), and a Fermi level E F ¼ 0.2 eV (equivalent, at B ¼ 0, to a carrier density n ≈ 3 × 10 12 cm −2 ). Antidot lattices like these are well within experimental capabilities [56][57][58][59][60]. The eigenvalue problem, Eqs.…”

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confidence: 99%

Infrared Topological Plasmons in Graphene

et al. 2017

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We propose a two-dimensional plasmonic platform-periodically patterned monolayer graphenewhich hosts topological one-way edge states operable up to infrared frequencies. We classify the band topology of this plasmonic system under time-reversal-symmetry breaking induced by a static magnetic field. At finite doping, the system supports topologically nontrivial band gaps with mid-gap frequencies up to tens of terahertz. By the bulk-edge correspondence, these band gaps host topologically protected oneway edge plasmons, which are immune to backscattering from structural defects and subject only to intrinsic material and radiation loss. Our findings reveal a promising approach to engineer topologically robust chiral plasmonic devices and demonstrate a realistic example of high-frequency topological edge states. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.245301 Time-reversal-symmetry ðT Þ breaking, a necessary condition for achieving quantum Hall phases [1,2], has now been successfully implemented in several bosonic systems, as illustrated by the experimental observation of topologically protected one-way edge transport of photons [3,4] and phonons [5]. More generally, two-dimensional (2D) T broken topological bosonic phases have been proposed in a range of bosonic phases, spanning photons [6], phonons [7,8], magnons [9], excitons [10], and polaritons [11]. The operating frequency of these systems is typically small, however-far below terahertz-limited by the spectral range of the T -breaking mechanism. For example, the gyromagnetic effect employed in topological photonic crystals is limited by the Larmor frequency of the underlying ferrimagnetic resonance, on the order of tens of gigahertz [3]. In phononic realizations, the attainable gyrational frequencies limit operation further still, to the range of kilohertz [12]. Towards optical frequencies, proposals of dynamic index modulation [13] and optomechanical coupling [14] are promising but experimentally challenging to scale to multiple coupled elements [15][16][17].Recently, Jin et al. [18] pointed out that the well-known magnetoplasmons of uniform 2D electron gases [19,20] constitute an example of a topologically nontrivial bosonic phase hosting unidirectional edge states. However, as the topological gap exists only below the cyclotron frequency ω c , the spectral operation remains limited to low frequencies. In this Letter, we show that by suitably engineering the plasmonic band structure of a periodically nanostructured 2D monolayer graphene, see Fig. 1(a), the operation frequency of topological plasmons [21] can be raised dramatically, to tens of terahertz, while maintaining largegap-midgap ratios even under modest B fields. Bridging

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confidence: 99%

Infrared Topological Plasmons in Graphene

et al. 2017

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“…Due to their ease of manipulation, metasurfaces, the two-dimensional analogues of metamaterials, offer the most promising playground to realize dynamical effects [1,28,29], also due to the rise of tunable twodimensional materials [30,31]. Recently, graphene has emerged as a platform to enhance light-matter interactions [32][33][34][35], realizing atomically thin metasurfaces [12,[36][37][38][39]. Its doping level, which can be as high as ≈ 2 eV [40,41], can be dynamically modulated, with reported response times of ≈ 2.2 ps, and relative modulations of 38% [42].…”

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Broadband Nonreciprocal Amplification in Luminal Metamaterials

2019

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Time has emerged as a new degree of freedom for metamaterials, promising new pathways in wave control. However, electromagnetism suffers from limitations in the modulation speed of material parameters. Here we argue that these limitations can be circumvented by introducing a travelingwave refractive index modulation, with the same phase velocity of the waves. We show how the concept of "luminal grating" can yield giant nonreciprocity, achieve efficient one-way amplification, pulse compression and frequency up-conversion, proposing a realistic implementation in double-layer graphene.Temporal control of light is a long-standing dream, which has recently demonstrated its potential to revolutionize optical and microwave technology, as well as our understanding of electromagnetic theory, overcoming the stringent constraint of energy conservation [1]. Along with the ability of time-dependent systems to violate electromagnetic reciprocity [2][3][4], realising photonic isolators and circulators [5][6][7][8], amplify signals [9], perform harmonic generation [10,11] and phase modulation [12], new concepts from topological [13][14][15] and non-Hermitian physics [16,17] are steadily permeating this field.However, current limitations to the possibility of significantly fast modulation in optics has constrained the concept of time-dependent electromagnetics to the radio frequency domain, where varactors can be used to modulate capacitance [18], and traveling-wave tubes are commonly used as (bulky) microwave amplifiers [19]. In the visible and near IR, optical nonlinearities have often been exploited to generate harmonics, and realize certain nonreciprocal effects [20]. However, nonlinearity is an inherently weak effect, and high field intensities are typically required.In this Letter, we challenge the need for high modulation frequencies, demonstrating that strong and broadband nonreciprocal response can be obtained by complementing the temporal periodic modulation of an electromagnetic medium with a spatial one, in such a way that the resulting traveling-wave modulation profile appears to drift uniformly at the speed of the wave. Exploiting acoustic plasmons in double-layer graphene (DLG), we show that unidirectional amplification and compression can be realistically accomplished in such luminal gratings, despite the intrinsic limitations in the modulation speed of graphene. Our results hold potential for efficient THz generation, loss-compensation and amplification of plasmons, overcoming the typical trade-off between plasmon confinement and loss.Bloch (Floquet) theory dictates that the wavevector (frequency) of a monochromatic wave propagating in a spatially (temporally) periodic medium can only Braggscatter onto a discrete set of harmonics, determined by the reciprocal lattice vectors. This still holds true when the modulation is of a travelling-wave type, whereby Bragg scattering couples Fourier modes which differ by a discrete value of both energy and momentum combined [2,7,[21][22][23][24]. As shown in Fig. 1 for a 1D s...

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“…Poumirol et al [138] demonstrated the electrical control of the magneto-optical properties of graphene. Electrostatic control of magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) and Faraday rotation (FR) was achieved in an atomically thin sheet of graphene.…”

Section: Electrically Tunable Magneto-optics In Graphenementioning

confidence: 99%

2D Materials for Terahertz Modulation

Gopalan

Sensale‐Rodriguez

2019

Advanced Optical Materials

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power consumption and minimizing cross-talk (maintain signal fidelity). As a result, terabit data communication can be made feasible with the help of broadband all-optical devices and circuits. [4] The technology for designing optical components and circuits operating at visible and NIR wavelengths has matured significantly over the last several decades, ensuring their widespread integration. While we can work toward improving data transmission rates of existing communication technology, shortage of spectral bandwidth for data transmission has become a looming problem over time. This has motivated researchers to seek out previously unused portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The "terahertz gap" (≈30 µm-3 mm) has attracted considerable attention from researchers seeking to bridge the gap between the optical/IR and microwave spectrum. [5,6] Similar to the optical domain, the invention, optimization, and commercialization of discrete components such as sources, modulators, and detectors are necessary for the widespread use and integration of terahertz technologies. Electronic means of terahertz generation utilizing semiconductors (Si, GaAs) IMPATT [7] and Gunn diodes [8] have been developed. In conjunction with a frequency doubler/ tripler circuits, they typically operate on the lower end of the terahertz spectrum (0.1-1 THz); although the power output at higher frequency multiples might be significantly lower as compared to its fundamental mode. Additionally, InGaAs/ InP HBTs and InP HEMTs with cutoff frequencies >600 GHz have been demonstrated. [9,10] The advent of femtosecond lasers has paved the way for the generation of terahertz radiation via photoconductive switches, [11] photo-Dember effect [12,13] and nonlinear optical rectification in organic and inorganic crystals. [14][15][16] Femtosecond lasers have helped develop time domain terahertz systems that have been instrumental in ultrafast spectroscopy to study transient carrier dynamics of semiconductors. Development of terahertz quantum cascade lasers (THz-QCL) employing intersubband transitions in AlGaAs/GaAs quantum wells [17][18][19][20] is a notable milestone in terahertz lasing. In a complementary fashion, terahertz detection could be performed by electro-optic sampling in nonlinear crystals, [21] photoconductive antennas on low-temperature GaAs, [22,23] plasma wave oscillation in a field-effect channel, [24,25] etc. Finally, akin to the compact and economic components available at optical frequencies for the generation, manipulation, and detection, terahertz technology requires Terahertz waves spanning over the 0.1 to 10 THz region of the electromagnetic spectrum have attracted significant attention owing to a variety of potential applications such as short-range high-speed data transmission, noninvasive screening and detection, materials characterization, spectroscopy, etc. This has resulted in massive strides in the development of essential system components such as broadband terahertz sources, detector arrays with high responsivity, as well as...

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Electrically controlled terahertz magneto-optical phenomena in continuous and patterned graphene

Cited by 110 publications

References 49 publications

Infrared Topological Plasmons in Graphene

Infrared Topological Plasmons in Graphene

Broadband Nonreciprocal Amplification in Luminal Metamaterials

2D Materials for Terahertz Modulation

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