Electrically conductive polymers as rechargeable battery electrodes

Naegele, D.

doi:10.1016/0167-2738(88)90316-5

Cited by 73 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…This will enable the development of its technological applications such as molecular devices, sensors and actuators, batteries, capacitors, antistatic coatings, corrosion protection of active metals, polymer solar cells, and electrodes. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Although there are various methods for the preparation of poly(pyrrole), it is quite often synthesized using one of two major methods: chemical or electrochemical oxidative polymerization. However, poly(pyrrole) obtained from the electrochemical method normally displays better conducting properties due to lower degree of over oxidation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A structural and morphological comparative study between chemically synthesized and photopolymerized poly(pyrrole)

Kasisomayajula

Vetter

et al. 2009

J Coat Technol Res

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Electrochemical and chemical oxidation methods are the two common methods used for the preparation of poly(pyrrole). The two methods have been acknowledged greatly and extensively studied because of their feasibility in manipulating the properties of poly(pyrrole) according to the desired application. However, chemical oxidation method is considered the best method for the preparation of poly(pyrrole) in larger quantities. There are other methods through which poly(pyrrole) can be synthesized such as plasma polymerization and photopolymerization, which have so far received less attention in the literature. For this paper, chemical oxidation was used to prepare poly(pyrrole) by oxidizing pyrrole with CuCl 2 under different emulsifying conditions. The surfactants used were sodium dodecyl sulfate and/or p-toluenesulfonic acid. Additionally, photopolymerization was also exploited to prepare poly(pyrrole) under similar emulsifying conditions. In this method, poly(pyrrole) was synthesized with the oxidizing ability of AgNO 3 under UV radiation. All samples were investigated by Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and Powder X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Scanning electron microscope was used to compare the morphological differences, which occurred due to different experimental conditions. The thermal stability was studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A structural and morphological comparative study between chemically synthesized and photopolymerized poly(pyrrole)

Kasisomayajula

Vetter

et al. 2009

J Coat Technol Res

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“…The resulting redox-active conducting polymers (pPy [IC] and pPy [ABTS]) form the basis of a battery that depends on the faradaic reactions of the redox-active dopants. This feature is uniquely different from batteries [3,4] or electrochemical capacitors [5] that depend solely on redox reactions or doping/dedoping of conducting polymers. The battery consisting of pPy [IC]  pPy[ABTS] shows significant enhancement in performance at high PDs (e.g., ED = 8 W h kg -1 at PD = 10 2 to 10 4 W kg -1 ).…”

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confidence: 99%

Redox‐Active Polypyrrole: Toward Polymer‐Based Batteries

2006

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One of the most important challenges in energy research is the development of an energy-storage device that can deliver electricity for longer periods of time at higher power demand.[1] A governing principle, as illustrated in Ragone plots of energy density (ED) versus power density (PD), is that the deliverable energy stored in a device decreases with an increasing demand for power or current.[2] At high power demands, the inefficiency of a device (i.e., loss of energy) is due to limitations involving the mass transfer of ions or sluggish reaction kinetics, or ionic or electric resistance involved within materials or at interfaces between different phases or materials.Batteries and electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) are both ends of a wide spectrum of devices used to deliver power. Batteries are based on faradaic reactions (e.g., electrochemical reduction and oxidation); EDLCs are based on nonfaradaic reactions (e.g., charging and discharging the electric double layer). Batteries are known for their high ED but low PD (ED = 20-100 W h kg -1 and PD = 50-200 W kg -1 ), whereas ultracapacitors are the opposite (ED = 1-10 W h kg -1 and PD = 1000-2000 W kg -1 ). The faradaic reactions on which batteries are based enable high EDs but charge-transfer reactions (e.g., from Li + to LiCoO x ) that accompany a phase change (e.g., from ions in electrolyte to solid) are kinetically slow processes, making batteries inappropriate for applications that require high PDs. [2] In contrast, the non-faradaic processes (i.e., charging) on which EDLCs are based involve the formation of an electric double layer at the interface between the electrolyte and the porous electrodes. This process is fast and facile, making EDLCs ideal for applications that require high PDs. We describe herein a device for storing energy, the performance parameters of which reside between a rechargeable battery and an ultracapacitor. This system consists of two electrodes coated with polypyrrole (pPy) doped with different redox-active compounds: indigo carmine (IC) or 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) (Fig. 1) ). This enhanced performance derives from a combination of merits found in batteries and EDLCs. The principle of energy storage is based on faradaic processes of redoxactive dopants (battery-like) but the electrochemical reactions are surface confined without diffusion of the electroactive materials. Instead, the counterions in the electrolyte neutralize the charge on the electrode (EDLC-like). The porous structure of the conducting polymer provides an electrode with high surface area and enables counterions to access the redoxactive dopants. In addition, the polymer matrix provides an environment that is conductive, leading to enhanced electron transfer between the base electrodes and the electroactive dopants.The cationic charge that develops in pPy during the electropolymerization of pyrrole requires an influx of anions from the electrolyte to maintain charge neutrality.[

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“…30 Electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole in sulfuric acid yielded a black conducting film, which is stable under ambient conditions and even at temperatures above 200 °C. 33 To increase the processability of polypyrrole, soluble forms were synthesized by adding flexible side chains along the ring. Using perchlorate instead of oxalate can increase its conductivity by 10 times.…”

Section: Polypyrrolementioning

confidence: 99%