Electrical stimulation of the trigeminal nerve improves olfaction in healthy individuals: A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial

Badran, Bashar W.; Gruber, Elise M; O’Leary, Georgia H.; Austelle, Chris W; Huffman, Sarah; Kahn, Alex T; McTeague, Lisa M.; Uhde, Thomas W.; Cortese, Bernadette M.

doi:10.1016/j.brs.2022.05.005

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 51 publications

(46 reference statements)

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“…However, the mechanisms for trigeminal dysfunction are yet to be elucidated. As a hypothesis, because trigeminal and olfactory afferents share specific brain projection areas, they could amplify each other 46,47 . Thus, a decrease in olfactory input could therefore decrease trigeminal perception.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a hypothesis, because trigeminal and olfactory afferents share specific brain projection areas, they could amplify each other. 46,47 Thus, a decrease in olfactory input could therefore decrease trigeminal perception. However, a more accurate evaluation of trigeminal function is necessary in order to be able to formulate more detailed hypotheses and study the possible pathogenetic mechanisms of trigeminal dysfunction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Psychophysical assessment of olfactory and gustatory function in post‐mild COVID‐19 patients: A matched case‐control study with 2‐year follow‐up

Boscolo‐Rizzo

Hummel

Invitto

et al. 2023

Int Forum Allergy Rhinol

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BackgroundThe aim of this study was to psychophysically evaluate the prevalence of smell and taste dysfunction 2 years after mildly symptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection compared to that observed at 1‐year follow‐up and while considering the background of chemosensory dysfunction in the no‐coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) population.MethodThis is a prospective case‐control study on 93 patients with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐positive SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and 93 matched controls. Self‐reported olfactory and gustatory dysfunction was assessed by 22‐item Sino‐Nasal‐Outcome Test (SNOT‐22), item “Sense of smell or taste.” Psychophysical orthonasal and retronasal olfactory function and gustatory performance were estimated using the extended Sniffin’ Sticks test battery, 20 powdered tasteless aromas, and taste strips test, respectively. Nasal trigeminal sensitivity was assessed by sniffing a 70% solution of acetic acid.ResultsThe two psychophysical assessments of chemosensory function took place after a median of 409 days (range, 366–461 days) and 765 days (range, 739–800 days) from the first SARS‐CoV‐2–positive swab, respectively. At 2‐year follow‐up, cases exhibited a decrease in the prevalence of olfactory (27.9% vs. 42.0%; absolute difference, −14.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI], −21.8% to −2.6%; p = 0.016) and gustatory dysfunction (14.0% vs. 25.8%; absolute difference, −11.8%; 95% CI, −24.2% to 0.6%; p = 0.098). Subjects with prior COVID‐19 were more likely than controls to have an olfactory dysfunction (27.9% vs. 10.8 %; absolute difference, 17.2%; 95% CI, 5.2% to 28.8%) but not gustatory dysfunction (14.0% vs. 9.7%; absolute difference, 4.3%; 95% CI, −5.8% to 14.4% p = 0.496) still 2 years after the infection. Overall, 3.2% of cases were still anosmic 2 years after the infection.ConclusionsAlthough a proportion of subjects recovered from long‐lasting smell/taste dysfunction more than 1 year after COVID‐19, cases still exhibited a significant excess of olfactory dysfunction 2 years after SARS‐CoV‐2 infection when compared to matched controls.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychophysical assessment of olfactory and gustatory function in post‐mild COVID‐19 patients: A matched case‐control study with 2‐year follow‐up

Boscolo‐Rizzo

Hummel

Invitto

et al. 2023

Int Forum Allergy Rhinol

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“…In fact, the visual sighting of a food and imaging the food odor could activate the posterior piriform cortex that may allow a subject to perceive and identify the odor using central mechanisms only ( 94 ). Nevertheless, the effects of OT on neural structural changes due to the close connection between brain structure and olfactory function remains an unsolved question ( 95 ). For these reasons, more research is needed to clarify the optimal odor concentration, training duration, frequency, and the most suitable population for OT to better understand mechanisms underlying the recovery processes.…”

Section: Olfactory Training: From the Conventional To Innovative Appr...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-traumatic olfactory dysfunction: a scoping review of assessment and rehabilitation approaches

et al. 2023

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Post-traumatic Olfactory Dysfunction (PTOD) consists of a complete or partial loss of olfactory function that may occur after a traumatic brain injury (TBI). PTOD may be linked to some neuropsychiatric features, such as social, cognitive and executive dysfunction, as well as behavioral symptoms, especially when TBI involves the orbito-frontal cortex. The diagnosis of PTOD is based on medical history and clinical data and it is supported by psychometric tests (i.e., subjective tools) as well as electrophysiological and neuroimaging measures (i.e., objective methods). The assessment methods allow monitoring the changes in olfactory function over time and help to establish the right therapeutic and rehabilitative approach. In this context, the use of the olfactory training (OT), which is a non-pharmacological and non-invasive treatment option, could promote olfactory function through top-down (central) and bottom-up (peripheral) processes. To better manage patients with TBI, PTOD should be detected early and properly treated using the various therapeutic rehabilitative possibilities, both conventional and advanced, also taking into consideration the emerging neuromodulation approach.

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Intranasal Chemosensory Lateralization Through the Multi-Electrode Transcutaneous Electrical Nasal Bridge Stimulation

Matsui,

Amemiya,

Narumi

et al. 2023

IEEE Access

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Electrical stimulation of the trigeminal nerve improves olfaction in healthy individuals: A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial

Cited by 6 publications

References 51 publications

Psychophysical assessment of olfactory and gustatory function in post‐mild COVID‐19 patients: A matched case‐control study with 2‐year follow‐up

Psychophysical assessment of olfactory and gustatory function in post‐mild COVID‐19 patients: A matched case‐control study with 2‐year follow‐up

Post-traumatic olfactory dysfunction: a scoping review of assessment and rehabilitation approaches

Intranasal Chemosensory Lateralization Through the Multi-Electrode Transcutaneous Electrical Nasal Bridge Stimulation

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