“…For decades, electrical stimulation (EStim) has been studied and used successfully in clinical practice to stimulate bone healing (reviewed in [6]). While the detailed mechanisms by which EStim promotes healing are poorly understood, several recently published in vitro studies suggest that EStim's pro-healing effect is due to its influence on the behavior and/or function of bone-forming stem cells, such as migration [7,8], proliferation [9], differentiation [10,11], mineralization [12], extracellular matrix deposition [13], and attachment to scaffold materials [14].…”