“… 10 Long-distance electrical signaling is involved in several physiological processes, such as photosynthesis, 11 cell elongation (Shiina & Tazawa, 1986), 49 respiration, 12 water absorption, 13 gas exchange, 14 phloem transport, 15 pollination, 16 and many other vital processes. 17 Furthermore, studies have shown that plants have greater electrical excitability under unfavorable conditions, which is due to the need to respond quickly to environmental stress caused by both biotic 18 (Pachú et al, 2021) 50 and abiotic factors. 19 In this brief review, we addressed general aspects of plant electrophysiology, such as the types of electrical signals and methods for recording the electrical activity of plants, and highlighted the role of electrical signals in plant responses to biotic stress.…”