Electrical phenomena associated with movements of the eyelid

Matsuo, Fumisuke; Peters, Jon F.; Reilly, Edward L.

doi:10.1016/0013-4694(75)90191-1

Cited by 64 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Saccade potentials are caused by rotation of this corneoretinal dipole. Blink potentials are caused by the eyelid sliding down over the positively charged cornea, permitting current to flow up toward the forehead region~Lins, Picton, Berg, & Scherg, 1993a;Matsuo, Peters, & Reilly, 1975!. Contrary to widespread beliefs, the eyeball does not roll upward during normal blinks~Collewijn, Van Der Steen, & Steinman, 1985!.…”

Section: (Iv) Artifact Compensation Procedures Must Be Documented Clementioning

confidence: 99%

Guidelines for using human event-related potentials to study cognition: Recording standards and publication criteria

et al. 2000

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Event-related potentials~ERPs! recorded from the human scalp can provide important information about how the human brain normally processes information and about how this processing may go awry in neurological or psychiatric disorders. Scientists using or studying ERPs must strive to overcome the many technical problems that can occur in the recording and analysis of these potentials. The methods and the results of these ERP studies must be published in a way that allows other scientists to understand exactly what was done so that they can, if necessary, replicate the experiments. The data must then be analyzed and presented in a way that allows different studies to be compared readily. This paper presents guidelines for recording ERPs and criteria for publishing the results.Descriptors: Event-related potentials, Methods, Artifacts, Measurement, Statistics Event-related potentials~ERPs! are voltage fluctuations that are associated in time with some physical or mental occurrence. These potentials can be recorded from the human scalp and extracted from the ongoing electroencephalogram~EEG! by means of filtering and signal averaging. Although ERPs can be evaluated in both frequency and time domains, these particular guidelines are concerned with ERPs recorded in the time domain, that is, as waveforms that plot the change in voltage as a function of time. These waveforms contain components that span a continuum between the exogenous potentials~obligatory responses determined by the physical characteristics of the eliciting event in the external world! and the endogenous potentials~manifestations of information processing in the brain that may or may not be invoked by the eliciting event!.1 Because the temporal resolution of these measurements is on the order of milliseconds, ERPs can accurately measure when processing activities take place in the human brain. The spatial resolution of ERP measurements is limited both by theory and by our present technology, but multichannel recordings can allow us to estimate the intracerebral locations of these cerebral processes. The temporal and spatial information provided by ERPs may be used in many different research programs, with goals that range from understanding how the brain implements the mind to making specific diagnoses in medicine or psychology. Data cannot have scientific value unless they are published for evaluation and replication by other scientists. These ERP guidelines are therefore phrased primarily in terms of publication criteria. The scientific endeavor consists of three main steps, and these map well onto the sections of the published paper. The first step is the most important but the least well understood-the discovery of Address reprint requests to: Terence W. Picton, Rotman Research Institute,

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Section: (Iv) Artifact Compensation Procedures Must Be Documented Clementioning

confidence: 99%

Guidelines for using human event-related potentials to study cognition: Recording standards and publication criteria

et al. 2000

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“…However, the eyelids present a special case, because their position with respect to the eyes is not fixed. Movements of the eyelids may influence the way in which the ocular electric field propagates to the scalp (Barry & Jones, 1965; EOG CONTAMINATION OF THE ERP 45 Corby & Kopell, 1972;Matsuo, Peters, & Reilly, 1975;Overton & Shagass, 1969). As a consequence, blinks result in artifacts in the EEG trace.…”

Section: Generation and Propagation Of The Eogmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dealing with artifacts: The EOG contamination of the event-related brain potential

Gratton

1998

Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers

120

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Eye movements and blinks represent a major source of artifacts in the electroencephalogram (EEG) and event-related brain potentials (ERPs). The origin of this artifact is the large difference in potential that exists between the cornea and the retina. Eye movements and blinks produce shifts of the electric fields that propagate across the whole head and that can be several times larger than the activity generated by the brain, Ocular activity can be monitored by electrodes located near the eyes (electrooculogram, or EOG). The electric fields associated with eye movements and blinks are somewhat different. The simplest procedure for dealing with ocular artifacts is to eliminate trials on which EOG activity is detected (rejection). However, this technique may result in data loss and biased data samples, especially when one is comparing clinical populations or tasks involving large amounts of eye movements, Another approach involves estimation and correction of the ocular artifact on the EEG and ERP traces. Several techniques have been proposed. Some of them are reviewed in the present paper. Issues related to the accuracy of the various techniques, as well as other advantages and limitations, are also discussed. Finally, general guidelines for how to deal with ocular artifacts are proposed. 44The difference in electric potential between the front and the back ofthe eye generates a large dipole-like electric field (electro-oculogram, or EOG) that may interfere with the surface recording ofthe electrical activity of the brain (electroencephalogram, or EEG), If the EOG does not change over time, its effect on the EEG will be a constant. Since the EEG is measured as a change with respect to a baseline value, the effect of a constant EOG is null. Therefore, EOG contamination of the EEG trace occurs whenever the eyes move, or whenever the propagation ofthe EOG to the scalp electrodes varies over time. This type of contamination is labeled EOG artifact, ocular artifact, or eye-movement artifact.The EOG artifact is of great significance in the registration ofEEG and event-related brain potentials (ERPs). In fact, when measured at the scalp, especially at frontal locations close to the eyes, the EOG signal (several hundred microvolts in amplitude) can be several times larger than the brain-generated scalp potentials (typically, less than 50 JiV). Eye movements and blinks (both of which are associated with large EOG artifacts) are very frequent and may occur during the performance of various tasks or as the result of certain types ofstimulations. The frequency and size ofEOG artifacts may vary, depending I would like to thank Monica Fabiani and two anonymous reviewers for their comments on earlier versions of this manuscript. Send all correspondence to G. Gratton,

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“…Eye blinks are associated with characteristic potential changes for which four main mechanisms have been proposed: (1) eye movements occurring during the blink could generate potential changes through movements of the electrical field of the eye (Lins et al, 1993), (2) electrical resistance changes between the eye ball and the surrounding tissue due to lid closure and opening could cause potential changes, even without movement of the eye (Matsuo et al, 1975), (3) electromyographic (EMG) activity of the muscles moving the eye lid and eye ball may also be detectable (Bardouille et al, 2006) as well as (4) neuronal activity related to the motor control of blinking and to responses in the visual system that might be evoked by the blinks (Berg and Davies, 1988;Hari et al, 1994). Blink related brain responses in the frontal lobe -the anatomical region of interest of our study -have been addressed in a series of previous neuroimaging studies ( Bodis-Wollner et al, 1999;Bristow et al, 2005;Kato and Miyauchi, 2003;Tsubota et al, 1999;van Eimeren et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Signal quality of simultaneously recorded invasive and non-invasive EEG

et al. 2009

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Both invasive and non-invasive electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings from the human brain have an increasingly important role in neuroscience research and are candidate modalities for medical brainmachine interfacing. It is often assumed that the major artifacts that compromise non-invasive EEG, such as caused by blinks and eye movement, are absent in invasive EEG recordings. Quantitative investigations on the signal quality of simultaneously recorded invasive and non-invasive EEG in terms of artifact contamination are, however, lacking. Here we compared blink related artifacts in non-invasive and invasive EEG, simultaneously recorded from prefrontal and motor cortical regions using an approach suitable for detection of small artifact contamination. As expected, we find blinks to cause pronounced artifacts in noninvasive EEG both above prefrontal and motor cortical regions. Unexpectedly, significant blink related artifacts were also found in the invasive recordings, in particular in the prefrontal region. Computing a ratio of artifact amplitude to the amplitude of ongoing brain activity, we find that the signal quality of invasive EEG is 20 to above 100 times better than that of simultaneously obtained non-invasive EEG. Thus, while our findings indicate that ocular artifacts do exist in invasive recordings, they also highlight the much better signal quality of invasive compared to non-invasive EEG data. Our findings suggest that blinks should be taken into account in the experimental design of ECoG studies, particularly when event related potentials in fronto-anterior brain regions are analyzed. Moreover, our results encourage the application of techniques for reducing ocular artifacts to further optimize the signal quality of invasive EEG.

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Electrical phenomena associated with movements of the eyelid

Cited by 64 publications

References 15 publications

Guidelines for using human event-related potentials to study cognition: Recording standards and publication criteria

Guidelines for using human event-related potentials to study cognition: Recording standards and publication criteria

Dealing with artifacts: The EOG contamination of the event-related brain potential

Signal quality of simultaneously recorded invasive and non-invasive EEG

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