Electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties of exfoliated graphite/phenolic resin composite bipolar plate for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell

Sykam, Nagaraju; Gautam, Rajeev K.; Kar, Kamal K.

doi:10.1002/pen.23959

Cited by 41 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Due to the electrical and thermal conductivity of EG, the incorporation of EG in phenolic gives a polymer-matrix composite that is attractive for use as the bipolar plate of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell [73]. The incorporation of EG in a polymer is also attractive for increasing the EMI shielding effectiveness [74,75].…”

Section: Exfoliated Graphite Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of exfoliated graphite

2015

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Exfoliated graphite (EG) refers to graphite that has a degree of separation of a substantial portion of the carbon layers in the graphite. Graphite nanoplatelet (GNP) is commonly prepared by mechanical agitation of EG. The EG exhibits clinginess, due to its cellular structure, but GNP does not. The clinginess allows the formation of EG compacts and flexible graphite sheet without a binder. The exfoliation typically involves intercalation, followed by heating. Upon heating, the intercalate vaporizes and/or decomposes into smaller molecules, thus causing expansion and cell formation. The sliding of the carbon layers relative to one another enables the cell wall to stretch. The exfoliation process is accompanied by intercalate desorption, so that only a small portion of the intercalate remains after exfoliation. The most widely used intercalate is sulfuric acid. The higher concentration of residue in unwashed EG causes the relative dielectric constant (50 Hz) of the EG to be 360 (higher than 120 for KOH-activated GNP), compared to the value of 38 for the water-washed case. An EG compact is obtained by the compression of EG at a pressure lower than that used for the fabrication of flexible graphite. Compared to flexible graphite, EG compacts are mechanically weak, but they exhibit viscous character, outof-plane electrical/thermal conductivity and liquid permeability. The viscous character (flexural loss tangent up to 35 for the solid part of the compact) stems from the sliding of the carbon layers relative to one another, with the ease of the sliding enhanced by the exfoliation process.

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Section: Exfoliated Graphite Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of exfoliated graphite

2015

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“…The addition of fixed amount of CB and GP in EG/resin composites could be helpful in providing better properties due to following reasons, viz. (i) the CB nanoparticles have better absorbing ability of phenolic resin due to their high surface, which could enhance the mechanical properties of composites significantly [33], (ii) the homogeneous distribution of GP and CB particles in EG/resin composite could improve the thermal properties of composite bipolar plates [34,35], and (iii) the highly conducting GP and CB particles can facilitate more electrical channels in phenolic resin, which leads to higher electrical conductivity of composites [2,15,36]. Here, all composite plates were made using compression molding technique.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic Effects of Carbon Fillers of Phenolic Resin Based Composite Bipolar Plates on the Performance of PEM Fuel Cell

Gautam

Kar

2016

Fuel Cells

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The most essential and costly component of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells is the bipolar plate. The production of suitable composite bipolar plates for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell with good mechanical properties and high electrical conductivity is scientifically and technically very challenging. This paper reports the development of composite bipolar plates using exfoliated graphite, carbon black, and graphite powder in resole-typed phenol formaldehyde. The exfoliated graphite with maximum exfoliated volume of 570 + 10 mL g -1 used in this study was prepared by microwave irradiation of chemically intercalated natural flake graphite in a few minutes. The composite plates were prepared by varying exfoliated graphite content from 10 to 35 wt.% in phenolic resin along with fixed weight percentage of carbon black (5 wt.%) and graphite powder (3 wt.%) by compression molding. The composite plates own desired mechanical properties with low bulk density, high electrical conductivity, and good thermal stability as per the U.S. department of energy targets at low filler concentration and can be used as bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells.

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“…Despite of the excellent combination of properties the CPCs have poor thermal and electrical conductivity, poor high temperature stability, low specific mechanical strength, poor tribological characteristics, and very high cost. Hence, the researchers have incorporated various fillers such as glass, ceramic and carbon black micro particles , metal particles (zinc) , zinc oxide and silicon carbide , solid lubricant (graphite) , nano‐carbon black , natural graphite powder , exfoliated graphite , graphite flake , carbon fiber powder , and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in composites either to improve some of the poor properties, and/or to decrease cost of the products and also to enlarge the scope of CPCs usage. Since most of the fillers used here are obtained from non‐renewable resources such as petroleum oil and gases, inorganic materials, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication and characterization of eco‐friendly human‐hair derived porous carbon‐filled carbon fabric‐reinforced polymer composites

et al. 2018

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The effects of human hair‐derived porous carbon (HHC) as an eco‐friendly reinforcing filler in the carbon fabric‐reinforced phenolic matrix composites (CPCs) are evaluated through micro‐structural characterization studies, tensile, and flexural tests, dynamic mechanical analysis, density and electrical conductivity measurements. Various interfacial interaction parameters like reinforcement efficiency, C‐factor, adhesion factor, and so on are also calculated and compared for understanding the effects of HHC in composites. Conventional hand‐layup technique is used for impregnation of slurry made of phenolic resin and 0–50 wt% HHC on carbon fabric followed by stacking and curing through hot pressing to get laminates of CPCs. Significant improvement in mechanical, viscoelastic and electrical properties are observed over unfilled composite for all investigated HHC loadings. However, 30–40 wt% filler loading gives the optimum balance of properties. The results show ∼15, 93, 50, 85, and 132% increase in tensile strength, Young's modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus, and storage modulus, respectively. Moreover drastic gain (1,500%) in electrical conductivity and substantial enhancement in thermal stability of CPCs make HHC as a cheap alternative reinforcing filler for structural composite applications working under thermo‐mechanical loads. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:E1573–E1587, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers

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Electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties of exfoliated graphite/phenolic resin composite bipolar plate for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell

Cited by 41 publications

References 32 publications

A review of exfoliated graphite

A review of exfoliated graphite

Synergistic Effects of Carbon Fillers of Phenolic Resin Based Composite Bipolar Plates on the Performance of PEM Fuel Cell

Fabrication and characterization of eco‐friendly human‐hair derived porous carbon‐filled carbon fabric‐reinforced polymer composites

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