Electrical Excitation of Surface Plasmons by an Individual Carbon Nanotube Transistor

Rai, Padmnabh; Hartmann, Nicolai F.; Berthelot, Johann; Arocas, Juan; Francs, Gérard Colas des; Hartschuh, Achim; Bouhélier, Alexandre

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.111.026804

Cited by 48 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(56 reference statements)

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“…However, almost all these applications use large external light sources such as monochromatic lasers. To minimize the size of the light sources and ultimately the size of the plasmonic devices, plasmons have been excited on-chip using electrically driven light sources such as (organic) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) [5][6][7][8] , laser diodes 9 , silicon spheres 10 and single carbon nanotubes 11 instead of bulky lasers. Surface plasmons have also been directly excited by tunnelling electrons in metal-insulator-metal junctions based on metal oxides [12][13][14] or scanning tunnelling microscopes (STMs) using vacuum or molecular tunnelling barriers [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] .…”

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confidence: 99%

On-chip molecular electronic plasmon sources based on self-assembled monolayer tunnel junctions

et al. 2016

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Molecular electronic control over plasmons offers a promising route for on-chip integrated molecular plasmonic devices for information processing and computing. To move beyond the currently available technologies and to miniaturize plasmonic devices, molecular electronic plasmon sources are required. Here, we report on-chip molecular electronic plasmon sources consisting of tunnel junctions based on self-assembled monolayers sandwiched between two metallic electrodes that excite localized plasmons, and surface plasmon polaritons, with tunnelling electrons. The plasmons originate from single, diffraction-limited spots within the junctions, follow power-law distributed photon statistics, and have well-defined polarization orientations. The structure of the self-assembled monolayer and the applied bias influence the observed polarization. We also show molecular electronic control of the plasmon intensity by changing the chemical structure of the molecules and by bias-selective excitation of plasmons using molecular diodes.S urface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) confine and enhance local electromagnetic fields near surfaces of metallic nanostructures at optical frequencies and have the ability to propagate along subdiffractive metallic waveguides, thereby opening up new perspectives for integrated optoelectronic circuits at the nanoscale 1-4 . However, almost all these applications use large external light sources such as monochromatic lasers. To minimize the size of the light sources and ultimately the size of the plasmonic devices, plasmons have been excited on-chip using electrically driven light sources such as (organic) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) 5-8 , laser diodes 9 , silicon spheres 10 and single carbon nanotubes 11 instead of bulky lasers. Surface plasmons have also been directly excited by tunnelling electrons in metal-insulator-metal junctions based on metal oxides 12-14 or scanning tunnelling microscopes (STMs) using vacuum or molecular tunnelling barriers [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] . During the tunnelling process, most of the electrons tunnel elastically, but some tunnel inelastically and couple to a plasmon mode. Direct excitation of plasmons by tunnelling electrons is attractive because not only is no background light generated but potentially it is also fast 26 (on the timescale of quantum tunnelling) as no slow electron-hole recombination processes are required as is the case for electroluminescent (nano)light sources 5-11 . Here, we report a direct electronic plasmon source based on molecular tunnel junctions operating via throughmolecular-bond tunnelling, where the plasmonic properties can be electrically controlled at the molecular level (without the need for optical antennas 27,28 ).In molecular electronic devices, the tunnelling barrier height is defined by the electronic energy levels of the molecule(s) bridging two electrodes. The tunnelling barrier width is defined by the length of the bridging molecule. Hence, the tunnelling gaps in molecular electronic devices are always exact...

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On-chip molecular electronic plasmon sources based on self-assembled monolayer tunnel junctions

et al. 2016

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“…Recently, inelastic tunneling by STM tips [14,15], GaAs nanowire-based light-emitting diodes [16], and impact excitation in a transistor [17] have been demonstrated as electrical sources of SPPs. Unfortunately, the efficiency of these sources remains typically lower than one plasmon per 10 4 electrons.…”

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Nanoantenna for Electrical Generation of Surface Plasmon Polaritons

et al. 2016

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“…In addition to the branching ratio into these two channels we obtained the SPP quasi-momentum, important parameters of active emitter-plasmon structures. 17,27 …”

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Radiation Channels Close to a Plasmonic Nanowire Visualized by Back Focal Plane Imaging

et al. 2013

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We investigated the angular radiation patterns, a key characteristic of an emitting system, from individual silver nanowires decorated with rare earth ion-doped nanocrystals. Back focal plane radiation patterns of the nanocrystal photoluminescence after local two-photon excitation can be described by two emission channels: Excitation of propagating surface plasmons in the nanowire followed by leakage radiation and direct dipolar emission observed also in the absence of the nanowire. Theoretical modeling reproduces the observed radiation patterns which strongly depend on the position of excitation along the nanowire. Our analysis allows to estimate the branching ratio into both emission channels and to determine the diameter dependent surface plasmon quasimomentum, important parameters of emitter-plasmon structures. KeywordsPlasmonics; metallic nanowires; rare earth ions; back focal plane imaging; up-conversion Propagating surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are electromagnetic waves bound to a metaldielectric interface. They offer the distinguished possibility to concentrate light to subwavelength scales and transport this energy over a length several magnitudes larger. [1][2][3][4] These properties provide the basis for plasmonics, a very active research area aiming at optical device miniaturization and the integration of optics and electronics on a single chip. 5,6 Metallic nanowires (NWs) have drawn particular attention as plasmonic building blocks due to their successful implementation as waveguides, 7-9 routers and logic gates. 10-12 SPPs on metallic NWs have been investigated by direct visualization, 13 using a scanning aperture probe, 14 by electrical detection 15 as well as by calculations. 16 A key step in plasmonic applications of NWs is the coupling of the initial energy source to the NW and the contributing energy relaxation pathways. 17,18 Importantly, subwave-length light confinement by the SPPs can be used to enhance the interaction between objects and light. 19 This coupling and the excitation and propagation of SPPs have been experimentally visualized by leakage radiation microscopy 20-22 combined with imaging of the back focal plane (BFP) for a variety of plasmonic structures and devices. [23][24][25] In this manuscript we studied the coupling of the emission from rare earth doped nanocrystals to SPP modes in silver NWs on glass. We use the ability of these nanocrystals to exhibit stable, non-bleaching upconverted photoluminescence (PL) on the anti-Stokes side * To whom correspondence should be addressed achim.hartschuh@cup.uni-muenchen.de. Europe PMC Funders Group Europe PMC Funders Author ManuscriptsEurope PMC Funders Author Manuscripts of the laser energy 26 to avoid temporal intensity fluctuations and to exclude any background contribution from laser scattering, metal luminescence or the sample substrate. Importantly, since two-photon excitation requires high excitation densities it will only be efficient at the position of the laser focus. Two-photon excitation of NCs located outsid...

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Electrical Excitation of Surface Plasmons by an Individual Carbon Nanotube Transistor

Cited by 48 publications

References 37 publications

On-chip molecular electronic plasmon sources based on self-assembled monolayer tunnel junctions

On-chip molecular electronic plasmon sources based on self-assembled monolayer tunnel junctions

Nanoantenna for Electrical Generation of Surface Plasmon Polaritons

Radiation Channels Close to a Plasmonic Nanowire Visualized by Back Focal Plane Imaging

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