Electrical Characteristics of the Skin

Lawler, James C.; Davis, Michael J.; Griffith, Everton C.

doi:10.1038/jid.1960.52

Cited by 107 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 5 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Owing to the high electrical capacity of the lipophilic matrix in which corneocytes are embedded, the stratum corneum is conferred dielectric properties, resulting in the skin impedance: the force opposing the passage of electrical charge through the skin . Electrolytes present in the ISF of the viable epidermis, on the other hand, account for an electric potential, connected to the activity of electrically driven tissues, such the heart and muscles.…”

Section: Mns For Dermal Biopotential Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in the Design of Transdermal Microneedles for Diagnostic and Monitoring Applications

Babity

Roohnikan

Brambilla

2018

Small

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Due to their intrinsic advantages over classical hypodermic needles, microneedles have received much attention over the last two decades and will likely soon appear in clinics. Although the vast majority of research is focused on designing microneedles for the painless delivery of drugs, their applications for diagnostic purposes have also provided promising results. In this paper, the main advances in the field of microneedles for diagnostic and patient monitoring purposes are introduced and critically discussed.

show abstract

Section: Mns For Dermal Biopotential Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in the Design of Transdermal Microneedles for Diagnostic and Monitoring Applications

Babity

Roohnikan

Brambilla

2018

Small

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Pulsed current: The persistent use of direct current (DC), proportional to time, can reduce the iontophoretic flux because of its polarization effect on the skin [66]. This can be overcome by the use of pulsed DC which is a direct current delivered in a periodic manner [5].…”

Section: Experimental Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iontophoresis - An Approach for Controlled Drug Delivery: A Review

Dixit¹,

Bali²,

Baboota³

et al. 2007

curr drug deliv

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The recent approval of lidocaine hydrochloride and epinephrine combined iontophoretic patch (Lidosite ® Vysteris Inc.) for localized pain treatment by FDA has invigorated the gaining interest in iontophoretic drug delivery systems for the transdermal delivery of drugs. This technique of facilitated movement of ions across a membrane under the influence of an externally applied electric potential difference, is one of the most promising physical skin penetration enhancing method. The rationale behind using this technique is the capability of this method to increase the systemic delivery of high molecular weight compounds with controlled input kinetics and minimum inter-subject variability, which is otherwise achieved only when parentral route of administration is used. Recently, good permeation of larger peptides like insulin has been achieved through this technique in combination with chemical enhancers. This review briefly describes the factors which affect iontophoretic drug delivery and summarizes the studies conducted recently using this technique in order to achieve higher systemic absorption of the drugs having low passive diffusion otherwise. The effect of permeation enhancers (chemical enhancers) on iontophoretic flux of drugs has also been described. Present review also provides an insight into reverse iontophoresis. Various parameters which affect the transdermal absorption of drugs through iontophoresis like drug concentration, polarity of drugs, pH of donor solution, presence of co-ions, ionic strength, electrode polarity etc. have also been reviewed in detail.

show abstract

“…Dieses Verfahren ist zulässig, da von verschiedenen Autoren gezeigt wurde [5,9,12,20,22,30], daß im Bereich von 0,03 cm* < A < 60 cm* und 0 Hz < f < 10 KHz annähernd gilt: \rr l * izcl ~ - (17) Hieraus läßt sich die spezifische Übergangsimpedanz |Z*c| definieren: |Z* c |-lZc|-A. (18) Für die Auswahl der geeigneten Daten aus der Literatur galten die folgenden Kriterien: Neben der Angabe der Elektroden-Haut-Kontaktfläche war die Angabe der Meßfrequenz erforderlich und der Hinweis, ob der Meßwert sich auf eine oder zwei in Serie liegende Hautstellen bezog.…”

Section: Spezifische üBergangsimpedanzunclassified

“…Für beliebige Kontaktflächen A läßt sich die maximal zu erwartende Ubergangsimpedanz abschätzen aus l/ 9 l Zümax/MQ (20) \ l + (0,113-f/Hz) 2 A/cm 2 . [17].…”

Section: Richtwerte Der üBergangsimpedanzunclassified

Die Bemessung der Elektroden-Haut-Kontaktfläche und der Verstärkereingangsimpedanz bei der quantitativen Oberflächenelektrographie (EKG und EMG) - Selection of electrode-to skin contact area and amplifier input impedance for quantitative surface electrography (ECG and EMG)

Zipp¹

1978

Biomedizinische Technik/Biomedical Engineering

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Schlüsselwörter: Hautimpedanz -Elektrodenkontaktfläche -Verstärkereingangs-impedanz -MeßfehlerNach Umrechnung der in der Literatur angegebenen Elektroden-Haut-Übergangs-impedanzen auf eine Elektroden-Haut-Kontaktfläche von l cm 2 wird ein "worst-case"-Modell der Ubergangsimpedanz im Hinblick auf eine quantitative Biosignalableitung mit Oberflächenelektroden erstellt. Es bildet zusammen mit den geometrischen Abmessungen der verwendeten Elektrode, der gewünschten Meßgenauigkeit und der spektralen Zusammensetzung des abzuleitenden Signals die Bemessungsgrundlage für die Eingangsimpedanz des Biosignalverstärkers. Hinsichtlich des Anwendungsbezugs v N wird die Anforderung an die Eingangsimpedanz klinischer Elektrokardiographie-Geräte abgeleitet und die Eignung ortsunabhängiger Telemetrie-und Miniaturbandspeichergeräte für eine quantitative Meßwerterfassung untersucht. Verschiedene Verfahren zur Verminderung der Elektroden-Haut-Ubergangsimpedanz werden diskutiert.Electrode-torskin impedance data from the literature were related to an electrode-toskin contact area of l cm 2 and then a simple electrical "worst-case" model was established for the adjusted data. This model together with the contact area of the electrodes employed, the desired accuracy of measurement and the frequency characteristics of the recorded signal, provides the basis for the requirements with respect to the amplifier input impedance. Examples of application are given: A recommendation for the minimum input impedance of clinicai electrocardiographs is derived and the suitability of portable radiotelemetric and miniature recording units with respect to a quantitative data acquisition is evaluated. Several techniques for reducing the electrode-to-skin impedance are discussed.

show abstract

Electrical Characteristics of the Skin

Cited by 107 publications

References 5 publications

Advances in the Design of Transdermal Microneedles for Diagnostic and Monitoring Applications

Advances in the Design of Transdermal Microneedles for Diagnostic and Monitoring Applications

Iontophoresis - An Approach for Controlled Drug Delivery: A Review

Die Bemessung der Elektroden-Haut-Kontaktfläche und der Verstärkereingangsimpedanz bei der quantitativen Oberflächenelektrographie (EKG und EMG) - Selection of electrode-to skin contact area and amplifier input impedance for quantitative surface electrography (ECG and EMG)

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About