Electrical application of polyamide reinforced with old tire rubber (ground tire rubber)

Abstract

Mass production of tires and their subsequent storage after use is a serious environmental problem that is tried to be solved in various ways. One of these ways is the mixture of these old used tires (ground tire rubber (GTR)) with various thermoplastic and thermostable polymers. These blends are made by modifying the pretreatment the GTR is subjected to, the degree of devulcanization, the mixing or pressing conditions, etc. Later the mixtures are analyzed structurally and mechanically, looking for possible industrial applications for them. The present work aims to obtain materials suitable for the electric industry from the mixture of polyamide with old used tires (GTR), starting from the requirement of minimum recycling costs, that is using vulcanized GTR without any prior treatment but acting on the particle sizes with a simple and inexpensive screening. A novelty of this study is the large number of compounds analyzed, and the deep analysis these have been submitted to dielectric, mechanical, thermal and microstructure analyses to get a large number of variables in each test. Compounds were categorized as the three GTR particle sizes (p < 200 mm, 200 < p < 500 mm and

Post-yield fracture correlations to morphological and micromechanical response of poly(ε-caprolactone)-based biocomposites

“…To further analyze whether the yield strength was influenced by the corresponding variation in crystallinity (structural changes) or secondary interaction, the normalized yield strength ( σ yc / X c )/( σ ym / X m ) was plotted versus Φ f as shown in Figure 5(d). 26 The normalized yield strength values were >1 and the values increase continuously with Φ f ; at Φ f = 0.34, the parameter increases to 2.5 times that of PCL. Since the effect of crystallinity of PCL was eliminated, it may be emphasized that the increment in the yield strength is because of phase adhesion between JWF and PCL matrix which did not affect continuity of the matrix resulting a degree of increased stress transfer between JWF and PCL phase.…”

“…Stiffness of the system is not affected by phase interaction, however, tensile strength will vary promptly with phase interaction. 26 The mechanical restraint is an end result of differential thermal shrinkage of the polymer and the filler. When the polymer is melted, it expands to a higher extent as compared to JWF.…”

“…Incorporation of different types of wood flour into biodegradable polymer matrices will reduce manufacturing cost, mold shrinkage, abrasion resistance, creep resistance, as well as substantially improve modulus properties. 26 The jack ( Artocarpus heterophyllus ) wood flour (JWF) is a termite-resistant yellowish brown powder which imparts excellent texture to the prepared green biocomposites. Its relatively high stiffness will supposedly enhance modulus of PCL without affecting biodegradability.…”

Comparison of Mechanical and Electrical Characteristics of Various Polymers Blended with Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) and Applications

“…The addition of GTR negatively affects these properties, but suffers a certain drop in % elongation to percentages of 20% GTR (PA + 20% GTR: 23.30%, HDPE + 20% GTR: 20.01%) which already represents percentages less than 50% of the polymer matrix. Is observed that for elongation at break of the GTR compounds (for particle sizes <200 µm) [24,25], the optimum behavior is for EVA compounds, which go from 704% to 528%, 437%, and 351%, which means decreases of 29%, 43%, and 50% for GTR concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 20%, respectively. From 40% concentration, the values are always lower than 3.5 times those of pure EVA.…”

Ground Tire Rubber Recycling in Applications as Insulators in Polymeric Compounds, According to Spanish UNE Standards

“…Regardless of the type of polymeric thermoplastic used, GTR blends lack compatibility, mainly when the amount of GTR is higher than 20%. Therefore, it is often necessary to improve this lack of compatibility by performing surface treatments on GTR [24][25][26]. Considering this, we compared the results for insulators with low requirements in two programs, the Spanish Association for Standardization (UNE) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).…”