Electrical and Structural Properties of ZnO Films Grown from Aqueous Solutions

Abstract

We use the analytic continuation procedure proposed in our earlier works to study the thermodynamics of black holes in 2 + 1 dimensions. A general black hole in 2 + 1 dimensions has g handles hidden behind h horizons. The result of the analytic continuation of a black-hole spacetime is a hyperbolic 3-manifold having the topology of a handlebody. The boundary of this handlebody is a compact Riemann surface of genus G = 2g + h − 1. Conformal moduli of this surface encode in a simple way the physical characteristics of the black hole. The moduli space of black holes of a given type (g, h) is then the Schottky space at genus G. The (logarithm of the) thermodynamic partition function of the hole is the Kähler potential for the Weil-Peterson metric on the Schottky space. The Bekenstein bound on the black-hole entropy leads us to conjecture a new strong bound on this Kähler potential.PACS number: 04.70.D

Growth of ZnO films on glass substrates by chemical bath deposition

“…As for the FWHM values, there were no significant differences between the two samples. However, these FWHM values were larger than that of the CBD-grown ZnO film on the sputter-deposited seed layer [12]. This result means that additional improvement is required for the dip-coat seed layers.…”

“…The thickness of the 1 and 2 mM trisodium citrate samples was 360 and 350 nm, respectively. The sample grown from the base aqueous solution exhibited a crystalline phase of ZnO with a strong (002) diffraction peak at around 34.4°, indicating The full width at half maximum (FWHM) value of the (002) peak was 0.15°, and smaller than that of the CBD-grown ZnO film on the sputter-deposited seed layer (0.18°) [12]. The smaller FWHM value seems to be due to the rod-like particle structure.…”

“…1c, rod-like particles with a larger diameter were obtained from the base aqueous solution. Compared with sputter-deposited seed layer, the seed layer used in this study tends to lead to discontinuous ZnO films [12]. The morphology of the CBD-grown samples was changed by the use of trisodium citrate.…”

“…In general, seed layers affect not only the structural properties of ZnO but also the particle density. ZnO films formed by sputter deposition are uniform and can be used as a good seed layer for CBD [12]. However, the merit of CBD is decreased by using vacuum process for the preparation of seed layers.…”

Electrical and Optical Properties of ZnO Irradiated with Hydrogen Plasma

“…Because of its outstanding properties and many types of distinctive nanostructures, ZnO is considered as a promising material for various applications including light emitting diodes, ultraviolet photodetectors, transparent conductive layers, and gas sensors [1][2][3][4]. A wide range of techniques such as hydrothermal method, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), reactive plasma deposition (RPD), and aqueous solution based methods are used to synthesize ZnO [5][6][7][8][9]. For example, large ZnO single crystals are grown by hydrothermal method.…”