“…Several studies addressed various EVRP extensions with regard to battery charging and discharging rates including rapid charging (Felipe et al, 2014;Çatay and Keskin, 2017;Keskin and Çatay, 2018), more accurate energy consumption estimation considering external and internal factors (Goeke and Schneider, 2015;Rastani et al, 2019;Kancharla and Ramadurai, 2020;Rastani et al, 2020;Rastani and Çatay, 2021), and non-linear charging function (Montoya et al, 2017;Froger et al, 2019;Kancharla and Ramadurai, 2020). Other extensions include the availability of stations and stochastic recharging times (Sweda et al, 2017;Keskin et al, 2019;Kullman et al, 2019;Keskin et al, 2021), fleet composition (Goeke and Schneider, 2015;Hiermann et al, 2016;Mancini, 2017;Sassi and Oulamara, 2017;Macrina et al, 2019;Hiermann et al, 2019), battery swapping (Yang et al, 2015, Hof et al, 2017Wang et al, 2018;Masmoudi et al, 2019;Jie et al, 2019), and the utilization of hybrid electric vehicles (Zhen et al, 2015).…”