Electric resistivity tomography shows radial variation of electrolytes in Quercus robur

Bieker, Dirk; Rust, Steffen

doi:10.1139/x10-076

Cited by 43 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Helmisaari and Siltala (1989) found increasing concentrations of Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn towards the pith of Pinus sylvestris L. while concentrations of K and P decreased. Bieker and Rust (2010) could show that increasing concentrations of K and Mg decrease electric resistivities in the heartwood of Quercus robur while wood moisture content remained constant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Non-destructive estimation of sapwood and heartwood width in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)

Bieker¹,

Rust²

2010

Silva Fenn.

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Accurate estimates of the water conducting sapwood area are necessary to scale sapflow measurements to tree and stand level transpiration. We tested a non-destructive method, electric resistivity tomography (ERT), to estimate the area of conductive sapwood in 9 Pinus sylvestris L. trees in lower Saxony, Germany. Tomograms were compared to cross-sections stained with benzidine after harvesting. All tomograms displayed a distinct pattern of low resistivity at the stem perimeter and high resistivity in the stem centre with a steep increase in resistivity in between, assumed to indicate the transition from sapwood to heartwood. The tomograms showed a sapwood width 2 cm smaller than the staining method. This indicates that staining methods overestimate the amount of active sapwood because when heartwood is formed, moisture content decreases before extractive contents reach levels visible by staining. The ERT method is a new powerful method for the non-destructive estimation of sapwood and heartwood width.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since 1998 (Just et al 1998), the method has been used for testing standing trees non-destructively, e.g. to detect decay , Bieker 2010, red heartwood in beech , Hanskötter 2004) and brown heartwood in ash (Weihs et al 2005). Recent publications show, that even sapflow can be detected by the electrical resistivity method (Hagrey 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-destructive estimation of sapwood and heartwood width in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)

Bieker¹,

Rust²

2010

Silva Fenn.

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“…Since the first experiments by Just and Jacobs (1998), there have been several applications of this technique, for example, to detect decay Bieker and Rust 2010a), red heartwood in beech Hanskötter 2004) and in wild service tree (Weihs 2001), and brown heartwood or the early stages of white rot in ash (Weihs et al 2005;Bieker et al 2010, respectively). It can also be used to determine the exact sapwood area in various species (Bieker and Rust 2010b;Lin et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detecting the presence of red heart in beech (Fagus sylvatica) using electrical voltage and resistance measurements

2017

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a discoloration of their contents (Panshin and DeZeuw 1980). It is almost ubiquitous in older trees at felling age, but often affects younger specimens too. Healthy red heartwood is mostly considered a visual defect only, but, since beech is most often used in the furniture industry and interior design, red heart causes a major decrease in the perceived value, and leads to a serious drop in the retail price of beech wood (Molnar et al. 2001;Hapla and Ohnesorge 2005).There are several forms of red heart, all of which occur in beech wood. According to the characterisation by Sachsse (1991), they can be classified as red heartwood with round borders and a partly cloudy appearance on the cross-section, wounded heartwood with a small spatial extent, splashing heartwood (or dotty red heart) with jagged borders, and abnormal heartwood with black borders attacked by bacteria. In either case, the borders of red heart do not follow the annual ring boundaries. Figure 1 shows the first type, immediately after felling. In terms of its longitudinal expansion, it is most often spindle-like, but it may also be cone or upside-down cone shaped, or irregular. Red heart can also be classified as healthy or diseased, based on whether or not it has been attacked by fungi, and, as a result, they suffered some strength loss (Rumpf and Biro 2003;Wernsdörfer et al. 2005).Beech red heart has generated considerable research interest over the past decades. Wernsdörfer et al. (2005) provided a very detailed overview of the work done up to that point. Knoke (2002) provided a thorough review of the publications on heartwood formation, and concluded that reducing the amount of discolored timber is possible only based on information about the recent formation of red heartwood. He lamented the fact that non-destructive methods are not yet far enough advanced to provide information on early heartwood formation. AbstractRed heart is one of the most important visual defects in beech wood. Its detection is difficult, since its mechanical characteristics do not differ significantly from sound wood. However, its electric conductivity is different, which offers an opportunity for detecting beech red heart. Initial measurements using a 24-channel impedance tomograph were very efficient in detecting red heart due to its significantly lower electric resistance. High conductivity regions on the resistance map corresponded to the size and shape of the red heart. An 8-detector setup was investigated in a laboratory setting to establish the best electrode arrangement to develop a simple and reliable on-site detection method. On-site measurements, using only four electrodes, proved to be highly reliable to detect the presence of red heart in beech trees of 40-60 cm diameter. In the meantime, the method did not seem capable of determining the extent of red heart. The diameter of the tree was found to have very little effect on the measured voltage. Therefore, there is no need for diameter-correction in the examined diameter range.

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“…reaction wood) (Shigo and Shigo 1974, Kubo and Ataka 1998, Meerts 2002, Rowell 2005, Bieker and Rust 2010a. Intra-specific reading are affected by weather conditions (water content and temperature), tree phenology, and tree diameter, it is necessary to standardize the ER data from healthy trees (Paysen et al 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Intra-specific reading are affected by weather conditions (water content and temperature), tree phenology, and tree diameter, it is necessary to standardize the ER data from healthy trees (Paysen et al 1992). The ER was correlated with pH, potassium, and magnesium, and correlated with neither the wood moisture content nor wood density in the English oak (Q. robur L.) (Bieker and Rust 2010a). The changes of ER with changing moisture content (MC) is great in the region between zero and the fiber saturation point (FSP); about the point, the change is relatively very small (Tsoumis 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of electric resistivity tomography and evaluation of the sapwood-heartwood demarcation in three Asia Gymnosperm species

Lin¹,

Chung²,

Yang³

et al. 2012

Silva Fenn.

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The proportions of sapwood and heartwood of trees have significant impacts on various uses. Electric resistivity tomography (ERT) and corresponding electrical resistance (ER) value maps were examined in Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don), Taiwania (Taiwania cryptomerioides Hayata), and Luanta fir (Cunninghamia konishii Hayata) trees. The position of the sapwood-heartwood demarcation was measured on incremental cores from living trees and the corresponding ER of the sapwood-heartwood boundary was acquired from the ER map. A positive significant relationship was found between the maximum ER plus minimum ER values (ERmax + ERmin) and ER of the sapwood-heartwood demarcation from the tomographic data. The position of the sapwood-heartwood demarcation was determined by corresponding ER, and the critical ER can be established by the ERmax + ERmin value of the tomographic data. The results from this study indicate that ERT technique can be used to determine the position of the sapwood-heartwood boundary and can serve as a methodology in undamaged living trees of Gymnosperm species.

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Electric resistivity tomography shows radial variation of electrolytes in Quercus robur

Cited by 43 publications

References 9 publications

Non-destructive estimation of sapwood and heartwood width in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)

Non-destructive estimation of sapwood and heartwood width in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)

Detecting the presence of red heart in beech (Fagus sylvatica) using electrical voltage and resistance measurements

Detection of electric resistivity tomography and evaluation of the sapwood-heartwood demarcation in three Asia Gymnosperm species

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