Electric Currents around Growing <i>Trichoderma</i> Hyphae, before and after Photoinduction of Conidiation

Horwitz, Benjamin A.; Weisenseel, Manfred H.; Dorn, A.; Gressel, Jonathan

doi:10.1104/pp.74.4.912

Cited by 20 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(4 reference statements)

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“…In each of the five fungi studied here positive electrical current has been found to enter the growing hyphal apices (Kropf et al, 1983;Gow, 1984;Horwitz et al, 1984). Thus no simplistic correlation can be drawn between the polarity of the endogenous electrical fields of these fungi and their responses to external voltage gradients.…”

Section: W O O D R U F F and Telfermentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Recent work has shown that the polarizing mechanism may relate to endogenous electrical fields and associated ion currents which flow around and through fungal hyphae during tip growth (Kropf et al, 1983;Armbruster & Weisenseel, 1983;Gow, 1984;Horwitz et al, 1984). Positive ions flow into the tips of hyphae and branches during cell extension and outward from distal regions of the hypha.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Applied Electrical Fields Polarize the Growth of Mycelial Fungi

McGILLIVRAY

Gow

1986

Microbiology

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2515Mycelial fungi generate endogenous electrical fields which are associated with polarized tip growth. Here we show that applied electrical fields can dramatically affect the polarity of growth of a variety of filamentous fungi including Neurospora crassa, Aspergillus nidulans, Mucor mucedo, Trichoderma harzianum and Achlya bisexualis. The precise behaviour of each fungus when exposed to an electric field was different; however the sites of germ tube formation and branching, the direction of hyphal extension and the frequency of branching and germination could all be affected. N. crassa and Ach. bisexualis grew and formed branches towards the anode while Asp. nidulans and M . mucedo exhibited tropisms towards the cathode. Galvanotropism of hyphae and branches of T. harzianum was in opposite directions. Germ tube formation from conidia of N. crassa was highly polarized in electrical fields whereas fields of a similar strength had little effect on the polarity of germ tube formation in Asp. nidulans. Hyphae became aligned perpendicularly as they grew longer and as the field strength increased. It is suggested that this perpendicularly orientated extension relieves growth-inhibiting perturbations of the membrane potential in cells which had been aligned parallel to the field. These results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that the polarity of hyphal growth is under electrical control. I N T R O D U C T I O NExtension of the hyphae and branches of mycelial fungi is restricted to a narrow zone at the extreme apex. In addressing the question of how hyphal growth is polarized, most studies have concentrated on the cytology and enzymology of this region. As a result we have detailed information showing that wall-synthesizing enzymes such as chitin synthase are active only at the apex and that the enzymes and new cell membrane for cell expansion are transferred to the tips in microvesicles (Grove, 1978;Trinci, 1979;Gooday, 1983). However, we are still far from understanding how polarized growth is established and maintained since we know little about how these vesicles are translocated and guided or how polarity is first generated.

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Section: W O O D R U F F and Telfermentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applied Electrical Fields Polarize the Growth of Mycelial Fungi

McGILLIVRAY

Gow

1986

Microbiology

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“…The effects of light in the physiology of Trichoderma include the hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane ( Gresik et al, 1991; Horwitz et al, 1984b ), increase in intracellular ATP levels, increase in the activity of adenylate cyclase, and a transient biphasic oscillation in intracellular cAMP levels, and protein phosphorylation. Such changes are associated with the activation of a signaling pathway modulated by cAMP ( Gresik et al, 1988; Kolarova et al, 1992 ).…”

Section: Links To Other Signaling Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trichoderma in the light of day – Physiology and development

Schmoll

Esquivel-Naranjo

Herrera-Estrella

2010

Fungal Genetics and Biology

105

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In recent years, considerable progress has been made in the elucidation of photoresponses and the mechanisms responsible for their induction in species of the genus Trichoderma. Although an influence of light on these fungi had already been reported five decades ago, their response is not limited to photoconidiation. While early studies on the molecular level concentrated on signaling via the secondary messenger cAMP, a more comprehensive scheme is available today. The photoreceptor-orthologs BLR1 and BLR2 are known to mediate almost all known light responses in these fungi and another light-regulatory protein, ENVOY, is suggested to establish the connection between light response and nutrient signaling. As a central regulatory mechanism, this light signaling machinery impacts diverse downstream pathways including vegetative growth, reproduction, carbon and sulfur metabolism, response to oxidative stress and biosynthesis of peptaibols. These responses involve several signaling cascades, for example the heterotrimeric G-protein and MAP-kinase cascades, resulting in an integrated response to environmental conditions.

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“…1983 ; Kropf et al, 1984;Horwitz et al, 1984;Gow, iNTRODUCTroN ^^^^^ McGillivray & Gow, 1986; Schreurs & Vibrating, voltage-sensitive microelectrodes (Jaffe &: Harold, 1988;Youatt, Goyv & Gooday, 1988;Gow, Nuccitelli, 1974;Schelfey, 1986;Nuccitelli, 1990Nuccitelli, ) 1989De Silva e/rt/., 1992). The electrical currents have facilitated precise non-invasive n-ieasurement of of fungi are carried mainly by protons (McGillivray endogenous electrical fields and currents around & Gow, 1987; Takeucbi f/rt/.…”

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confidence: 99%

Electrical currents associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal interactions

et al. 1995

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SUMMARYElectrical currents associiited with the plant-fungus interaction between roots and an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Gigaspora mtirgarita were measured with a one-dimensional vibrating probe. Uninfected roots of clover (Trifolium repens L. cv. New Zealand White) and carrot (Daucus carota L. cv. Nantes) had an inwardly directed positive electrical current at the apical meristen-iatic and elongation zones and an outward flow at the mature non-growing regions. The current profile of endomycorrhizal colonized roots did not differ markedly in magnitude or pattern compared with non-colonized roots of an ecjuivalent stage of development. .^ sn-iall current was measured circulating around and through single mycorrhizal azygospores ot G. mtirgarita. CJerm tubes emerged within the zone of outward current and an inward current was found at the hyphal tip. When roots were colonized by the fungus an inward current was induced at the point of hyphal contact with the host root. This current declined over a period of 6 d. Because hyphal penetration of plant roots by AM fungi does not rupture the plant host membrane we propose that the host current is not the result of wounding but is induced by fungal elicitors at the infection court.

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Electric Currents around Growing Trichoderma Hyphae, before and after Photoinduction of Conidiation

Cited by 20 publications

References 13 publications

Applied Electrical Fields Polarize the Growth of Mycelial Fungi

Applied Electrical Fields Polarize the Growth of Mycelial Fungi

Trichoderma in the light of day – Physiology and development

Electrical currents associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal interactions

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