Electric City Bus Energy Flow Model and Its Validation by Dynamometer Test

Halmeaho, Teemu; Rahkola, Pekka; Pellikka, Ari-Pekka; Ruotsalainen, Sami; Tammi, Kari

doi:10.1109/vppc.2015.7352942

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The simulations were carried out using four different models for electric motor losses: three using stator resistance and one using motor efficiency map. The simulation model with motor efficiency map was previously validated against measurements in chassis dynamometer using only one cycle and payload [45]. The used driving cycle was an actual bus operation route, Line 11, in Espoo Finland, having the length of 9.1 km.…”

Section: Validation Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental validation of electric bus powertrain model under city driving cycles

Halmeaho

Rahkola

Tammi

et al. 2017

IET Electrical Systems in Transportation

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Battery electric city bus model has been created and validated with measurement results from a full-scale city bus prototype. The model utilises multi-physics modelling approach with multiple-domains from friction-tyre and transmission model to electrical drive and a simplified battery model. For the electrical drive model, four approaches to model the losses were studied. The modelled and measured motor torque, speed, current in the battery and inverter, and the bus speed were compared under two bus line driving cycles using three payloads. The simulated results were in good agreement with the experimental results; the error between the simulated and measured energy consumptions was 1.5% with the most accurate model.

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Section: Validation Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental validation of electric bus powertrain model under city driving cycles

Halmeaho

Rahkola

Tammi

et al. 2017

IET Electrical Systems in Transportation

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“…With the developed methodology, it is possible to analyse varying vehicle profiles, operation environments and infrastructures by taking geographical aspects, such as topography, into account alongside mechanical and electrical capabilities. The toolbox has been validated, for instance, in realistic heavy-duty operation cases for electric buses using measured data from a chassis dynamometer [16] and real-life [17,18] experiments.…”

Section: Simulation Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We use the existing electric motor functionality in SeF, which is previously reported for example by Halmeaho et al [16]. The electric motor is rigidly connected to the transmission with the locked torque converter so the motor speed is always proportional to the vehicle speed through the given gear ratio.…”

Section: Vehicle Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation-Based Comparative Assessment of a Multi-Speed Transmission for an E-Retrofitted Heavy-Duty Truck

et al. 2022

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Electric retrofitting (e-retrofitting) is a viable option for accelerating the renewal of heavy-duty vehicle fleets to reduce the related emissions. We introduce a simulation-based assessment of e-retrofitting strategies for heavy-duty vehicles. Our simulation tool, an electric vehicle fleet simulation toolbox, comprises three modules, namely driving cycles, vehicle dynamics, and vehicle profiles. The first allows for the creation of realistic driving cycles based on GPS data from real routes. The vehicle dynamics and vehicle profiles incorporate, e.g., the modelling of the powertrain and driving conditions. Ten realistic driving cycles were created and used for investigating and comparing three different powertrain alternatives, including the original diesel powertrain, electric with a single-speed transmission and electric with a multi-speed transmission. The vehicles were simulated in two different heavy-load scenarios. First, driving with a cargo load represented by the maximum vehicle weight and second, driving with snow ploughing. We found that the multi-speed transmission in an electric heavy-duty truck significantly improved its traction performance and gradeability. On the other hand, the effect on the electric powertrain efficiency, and thereby on the energy consumption, remained rather minor. Considering the given workload scenarios, our results advocate employing rather than omitting the gearbox in the e-retrofit truck process.

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